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<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>CERTUTIL</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="CERTUTIL"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">CERTUTIL</th></tr></table><hr></div><div class="refentry"><a name="certutil"></a><div class="titlepage"></div><div class="refnamediv"><h2>Name</h2><p>certutil — Manage keys and certificate in both NSS databases and other NSS tokens</p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">certutil</code> [<em class="replaceable"><code>options</code></em>] [[<em class="replaceable"><code>arguments</code></em>]]</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a name="idm46274732654912"></a><h2>STATUS</h2><p>This documentation is still work in progress. Please contribute to the initial review in <a class="ulink" href="https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=836477" target="_top">Mozilla NSS bug 836477</a>
<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>CERTUTIL</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="CERTUTIL"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">CERTUTIL</th></tr></table><hr></div><div class="refentry"><a name="certutil"></a><div class="titlepage"></div><div class="refnamediv"><h2>Name</h2><p>certutil — Manage keys and certificate in both NSS databases and other NSS tokens</p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">certutil</code> [<em class="replaceable"><code>options</code></em>] [[<em class="replaceable"><code>arguments</code></em>]]</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a name="idm45463138886352"></a><h2>STATUS</h2><p>This documentation is still work in progress. Please contribute to the initial review in <a class="ulink" href="https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=836477" target="_top">Mozilla NSS bug 836477</a>
</p></div><div class="refsection"><a name="description"></a><h2>Description</h2><p>The Certificate Database Tool, <span class="command"><strong>certutil</strong></span>, is a command-line utility that can create and modify certificate and key databases. It can specifically list, generate, modify, or delete certificates, create or change the password, generate new public and private key pairs, display the contents of the key database, or delete key pairs within the key database.</p><p>Certificate issuance, part of the key and certificate management process, requires that keys and certificates be created in the key database. This document discusses certificate and key database management. For information on the security module database management, see the <span class="command"><strong>modutil</strong></span> manpage.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a name="options"></a><h2>Command Options and Arguments</h2><p>Running <span class="command"><strong>certutil</strong></span> always requires one and only one command option to specify the type of certificate operation. Each command option may take zero or more arguments. The command option <code class="option">-H</code> will list all the command options and their relevant arguments.</p><p><span class="command"><strong>Command Options</strong></span></p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term">-A </span></dt><dd><p>Add an existing certificate to a certificate database. The certificate database should already exist; if one is not present, this command option will initialize one by default.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">-B</span></dt><dd><p>Run a series of commands from the specified batch file. This requires the <code class="option">-i</code> argument.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">-C </span></dt><dd><p>Create a new binary certificate file from a binary certificate request file. Use the <code class="option">-i</code> argument to specify the certificate request file. If this argument is not used, <span class="command"><strong>certutil</strong></span> prompts for a filename. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">-D </span></dt><dd><p>Delete a certificate from the certificate database.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">--rename </span></dt><dd><p>Change the database nickname of a certificate.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">-E </span></dt><dd><p>Add an email certificate to the certificate database.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">-F</span></dt><dd><p>Delete a private key and the associated certificate from a database. Specify the key to delete with the -n argument or the -k argument. Specify the database from which to delete the key with the
<code class="option">-d</code> argument.
</p><p>
@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ Some smart cards do not let you remove a public key you have generated. In such
Use the -h tokenname argument to specify the certificate database on a particular hardware or software token.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">-M </span></dt><dd><p>Modify a certificate's trust attributes using the values of the -t argument.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">-N</span></dt><dd><p>Create new certificate and key databases.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">-O </span></dt><dd><p>Print the certificate chain.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">-R</span></dt><dd><p>Create a certificate request file that can be submitted to a Certificate Authority (CA) for processing into a finished certificate. Output defaults to standard out unless you use -o output-file argument.
Use the -a argument to specify ASCII output.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">-S </span></dt><dd><p>Create an individual certificate and add it to a certificate database.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">-T </span></dt><dd><p>Reset the key database or token.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">-U </span></dt><dd><p>List all available modules or print a single named module.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">-V </span></dt><dd><p>Check the validity of a certificate and its attributes.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">-W </span></dt><dd><p>Change the password to a key database.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">--merge</span></dt><dd><p>Merge two databases into one.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">--upgrade-merge</span></dt><dd><p>Upgrade an old database and merge it into a new database. This is used to migrate legacy NSS databases (<code class="filename">cert8.db</code> and <code class="filename">key3.db</code>) into the newer SQLite databases (<code class="filename">cert9.db</code> and <code class="filename">key4.db</code>).</p></dd></dl></div><p><span class="command"><strong>Arguments</strong></span></p><p>Arguments modify a command option and are usually lower case, numbers, or symbols.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term">-a</span></dt><dd><p>Use ASCII format or allow the use of ASCII format for input or output. This formatting follows RFC 1113.
For certificate requests, ASCII output defaults to standard output unless redirected.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">-b validity-time</span></dt><dd><p>Specify a time at which a certificate is required to be valid. Use when checking certificate validity with the <code class="option">-V</code> option. The format of the <span class="emphasis"><em>validity-time</em></span> argument is <span class="emphasis"><em>YYMMDDHHMMSS[+HHMM|-HHMM|Z]</em></span>, which allows offsets to be set relative to the validity end time. Specifying seconds (<span class="emphasis"><em>SS</em></span>) is optional. When specifying an explicit time, use a Z at the end of the term, <span class="emphasis"><em>YYMMDDHHMMSSZ</em></span>, to close it. When specifying an offset time, use <span class="emphasis"><em>YYMMDDHHMMSS+HHMM</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>YYMMDDHHMMSS-HHMM</em></span> for adding or subtracting time, respectively.
For certificate requests, ASCII output defaults to standard output unless redirected.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">--simple-self-signed</span></dt><dd><p>When printing the certificate chain, don't search for a chain if issuer name equals to subject name.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">-b validity-time</span></dt><dd><p>Specify a time at which a certificate is required to be valid. Use when checking certificate validity with the <code class="option">-V</code> option. The format of the <span class="emphasis"><em>validity-time</em></span> argument is <span class="emphasis"><em>YYMMDDHHMMSS[+HHMM|-HHMM|Z]</em></span>, which allows offsets to be set relative to the validity end time. Specifying seconds (<span class="emphasis"><em>SS</em></span>) is optional. When specifying an explicit time, use a Z at the end of the term, <span class="emphasis"><em>YYMMDDHHMMSSZ</em></span>, to close it. When specifying an offset time, use <span class="emphasis"><em>YYMMDDHHMMSS+HHMM</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>YYMMDDHHMMSS-HHMM</em></span> for adding or subtracting time, respectively.
</p><p>
If this option is not used, the validity check defaults to the current system time.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">-c issuer</span></dt><dd><p>Identify the certificate of the CA from which a new certificate will derive its authenticity.
Use the exact nickname or alias of the CA certificate, or use the CA's email address. Bracket the issuer string
with quotation marks if it contains spaces. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">-d [prefix]directory</span></dt><dd><p>Specify the database directory containing the certificate and key database files.</p><p><span class="command"><strong>certutil</strong></span> supports two types of databases: the legacy security databases (<code class="filename">cert8.db</code>, <code class="filename">key3.db</code>, and <code class="filename">secmod.db</code>) and new SQLite databases (<code class="filename">cert9.db</code>, <code class="filename">key4.db</code>, and <code class="filename">pkcs11.txt</code>). </p><p>NSS recognizes the following prefixes:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>sql:</strong></span> requests the newer database</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>dbm:</strong></span> requests the legacy database</p></li></ul></div><p>If no prefix is specified the default type is retrieved from NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE. If NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE is not set then <span class="command"><strong>dbm:</strong></span> is the default.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">--dump-ext-val OID </span></dt><dd><p>For single cert, print binary DER encoding of extension OID.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">-e </span></dt><dd><p>Check a certificate's signature during the process of validating a certificate.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">--email email-address</span></dt><dd><p>Specify the email address of a certificate to list. Used with the -L command option.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">--extGeneric OID:critical-flag:filename[,OID:critical-flag:filename]... </span></dt><dd><p>
with quotation marks if it contains spaces. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">-d [prefix]directory</span></dt><dd><p>Specify the database directory containing the certificate and key database files.</p><p><span class="command"><strong>certutil</strong></span> supports two types of databases: the legacy security databases (<code class="filename">cert8.db</code>, <code class="filename">key3.db</code>, and <code class="filename">secmod.db</code>) and new SQLite databases (<code class="filename">cert9.db</code>, <code class="filename">key4.db</code>, and <code class="filename">pkcs11.txt</code>). </p><p>NSS recognizes the following prefixes:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>sql:</strong></span> requests the newer database</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>dbm:</strong></span> requests the legacy database</p></li></ul></div><p>If no prefix is specified the default type is retrieved from NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE. If NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE is not set then <span class="command"><strong>sql:</strong></span> is the default.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">--dump-ext-val OID </span></dt><dd><p>For single cert, print binary DER encoding of extension OID.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">-e </span></dt><dd><p>Check a certificate's signature during the process of validating a certificate.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">--email email-address</span></dt><dd><p>Specify the email address of a certificate to list. Used with the -L command option.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">--extGeneric OID:critical-flag:filename[,OID:critical-flag:filename]... </span></dt><dd><p>
Add one or multiple extensions that certutil cannot encode yet, by loading their encodings from external files.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>OID (example): 1.2.3.4</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>critical-flag: critical or not-critical</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>filename: full path to a file containing an encoded extension</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term">-f password-file</span></dt><dd><p>Specify a file that will automatically supply the password to include in a certificate
or to access a certificate database. This is a plain-text file containing one password. Be sure to prevent
@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ of the attribute codes:
The attribute codes for the categories are separated by commas, and the entire set of attributes enclosed by quotation marks. For example:
</p><p><span class="command"><strong>-t "TC,C,T"</strong></span></p><p>
Use the -L option to see a list of the current certificates and trust attributes in a certificate database. </p><p>
Note that the output of the -L option may include "u" flag, which means that there is a private key associated with the certificate. It is a dynamic flag and you cannot set it with certutil. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">-u certusage</span></dt><dd><p>Specify a usage context to apply when validating a certificate with the -V option.</p><p>The contexts are the following:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>C</strong></span> (as an SSL client)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>V</strong></span> (as an SSL server)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>L</strong></span> (as an SSL CA)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>A</strong></span> (as Any CA)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>Y</strong></span> (Verify CA)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>S</strong></span> (as an email signer)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>R</strong></span> (as an email recipient)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>O</strong></span> (as an OCSP status responder)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>J</strong></span> (as an object signer)</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term">-v valid-months</span></dt><dd><p>Set the number of months a new certificate will be valid. The validity period begins at the current system time unless an offset is added or subtracted with the <code class="option">-w</code> option. If this argument is not used, the default validity period is three months. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">-w offset-months</span></dt><dd><p>Set an offset from the current system time, in months,
Note that the output of the -L option may include "u" flag, which means that there is a private key associated with the certificate. It is a dynamic flag and you cannot set it with certutil. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">-u certusage</span></dt><dd><p>Specify a usage context to apply when validating a certificate with the -V option.</p><p>The contexts are the following:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>C</strong></span> (as an SSL client)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>V</strong></span> (as an SSL server)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>L</strong></span> (as an SSL CA)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>A</strong></span> (as Any CA)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>Y</strong></span> (Verify CA)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>S</strong></span> (as an email signer)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>R</strong></span> (as an email recipient)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>O</strong></span> (as an OCSP status responder)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>J</strong></span> (as an object signer)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>I</strong></span> (as an IPSEC user)</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term">-v valid-months</span></dt><dd><p>Set the number of months a new certificate will be valid. The validity period begins at the current system time unless an offset is added or subtracted with the <code class="option">-w</code> option. If this argument is not used, the default validity period is three months. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">-w offset-months</span></dt><dd><p>Set an offset from the current system time, in months,
for the beginning of a certificate's validity period. Use when creating
the certificate or adding it to a database. Express the offset in integers,
using a minus sign (-) to indicate a negative offset. If this argument is
@ -110,6 +110,20 @@ of the attribute codes:
msTrustListSign
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
critical
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
x509Any
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
ipsecIKE
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
ipsecIKEEnd
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
ipsecIKEIntermediate
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
ipsecEnd
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
ipsecTunnel
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
ipsecUser
</p></li></ul></div><p>X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">-7 emailAddrs</span></dt><dd><p>Add a comma-separated list of email addresses to the subject alternative name extension of a certificate or certificate request that is being created or added to the database. Subject alternative name extensions are described in Section 4.2.1.7 of RFC 3280.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">-8 dns-names</span></dt><dd><p>Add a comma-separated list of DNS names to the subject alternative name extension of a certificate or certificate request that is being created or added to the database. Subject alternative name extensions are described in Section 4.2.1.7 of RFC 3280.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">--extAIA</span></dt><dd><p>Add the Authority Information Access extension to the certificate. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">--extSIA</span></dt><dd><p>Add the Subject Information Access extension to the certificate. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">--extCP</span></dt><dd><p>Add the Certificate Policies extension to the certificate. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">--extPM</span></dt><dd><p>Add the Policy Mappings extension to the certificate. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">--extPC</span></dt><dd><p>Add the Policy Constraints extension to the certificate. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">--extIA</span></dt><dd><p>Add the Inhibit Any Policy Access extension to the certificate. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">--extSKID</span></dt><dd><p>Add the Subject Key ID extension to the certificate. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">--extNC</span></dt><dd><p>Add a Name Constraint extension to the certificate. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">--extSAN type:name[,type:name]...</span></dt><dd><p>
Create a Subject Alt Name extension with one or multiple names.
</p><p>
@ -131,9 +145,9 @@ Comma separated list of one or more of the following:
secmod.db or pkcs11.txt
</p></li></ul></div><p>
These databases must be created before certificates or keys can be generated.
</p><pre class="programlisting">certutil -N -d [sql:]directory</pre><p><span class="command"><strong>Creating a Certificate Request</strong></span></p><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">certutil -N -d directory</pre><p><span class="command"><strong>Creating a Certificate Request</strong></span></p><p>
A certificate request contains most or all of the information that is used to generate the final certificate. This request is submitted separately to a certificate authority and is then approved by some mechanism (automatically or by human review). Once the request is approved, then the certificate is generated.
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -R -k key-type-or-id [-q pqgfile|curve-name] -g key-size -s subject [-h tokenname] -d [sql:]directory [-p phone] [-o output-file] [-a]</pre><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -R -k key-type-or-id [-q pqgfile|curve-name] -g key-size -s subject [-h tokenname] -d directory [-p phone] [-o output-file] [-a]</pre><p>
The <code class="option">-R</code> command options requires four arguments:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
<code class="option">-k</code> to specify either the key type to generate or, when renewing a certificate, the existing key pair to use
@ -147,13 +161,13 @@ Comma separated list of one or more of the following:
The new certificate request can be output in ASCII format (<code class="option">-a</code>) or can be written to a specified file (<code class="option">-o</code>).
</p><p>
For example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -R -k rsa -g 1024 -s "CN=John Smith,O=Example Corp,L=Mountain View,ST=California,C=US" -d sql:$HOME/nssdb -p 650-555-0123 -a -o cert.cer
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -R -k rsa -g 1024 -s "CN=John Smith,O=Example Corp,L=Mountain View,ST=California,C=US" -d $HOME/nssdb -p 650-555-0123 -a -o cert.cer
Generating key. This may take a few moments...
</pre><p><span class="command"><strong>Creating a Certificate</strong></span></p><p>
A valid certificate must be issued by a trusted CA. This can be done by specifying a CA certificate (<code class="option">-c</code>) that is stored in the certificate database. If a CA key pair is not available, you can create a self-signed certificate using the <code class="option">-x</code> argument with the <code class="option">-S</code> command option.
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -S -k rsa|dsa|ec -n certname -s subject [-c issuer |-x] -t trustargs -d [sql:]directory [-m serial-number] [-v valid-months] [-w offset-months] [-p phone] [-1] [-2] [-3] [-4] [-5 keyword] [-6 keyword] [-7 emailAddress] [-8 dns-names] [--extAIA] [--extSIA] [--extCP] [--extPM] [--extPC] [--extIA] [--extSKID]</pre><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -S -k rsa|dsa|ec -n certname -s subject [-c issuer |-x] -t trustargs -d directory [-m serial-number] [-v valid-months] [-w offset-months] [-p phone] [-1] [-2] [-3] [-4] [-5 keyword] [-6 keyword] [-7 emailAddress] [-8 dns-names] [--extAIA] [--extSIA] [--extCP] [--extPM] [--extPC] [--extIA] [--extSKID]</pre><p>
The series of numbers and <code class="option">--ext*</code> options set certificate extensions that can be added to the certificate when it is generated by the CA. Interactive prompts will result.
</p><p>
For example, this creates a self-signed certificate:
@ -163,11 +177,11 @@ The interative prompts for key usage and whether any extensions are critical and
From there, new certificates can reference the self-signed certificate:
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -S -s "CN=My Server Cert" -n my-server-cert -c "my-ca-cert" -t ",," -1 -5 -6 -8 -m 730</pre><p><span class="command"><strong>Generating a Certificate from a Certificate Request</strong></span></p><p>
When a certificate request is created, a certificate can be generated by using the request and then referencing a certificate authority signing certificate (the <span class="emphasis"><em>issuer</em></span> specified in the <code class="option">-c</code> argument). The issuing certificate must be in the certificate database in the specified directory.
</p><pre class="programlisting">certutil -C -c issuer -i cert-request-file -o output-file [-m serial-number] [-v valid-months] [-w offset-months] -d [sql:]directory [-1] [-2] [-3] [-4] [-5 keyword] [-6 keyword] [-7 emailAddress] [-8 dns-names]</pre><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">certutil -C -c issuer -i cert-request-file -o output-file [-m serial-number] [-v valid-months] [-w offset-months] -d directory [-1] [-2] [-3] [-4] [-5 keyword] [-6 keyword] [-7 emailAddress] [-8 dns-names]</pre><p>
For example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -C -c "my-ca-cert" -i /home/certs/cert.req -o cert.cer -m 010 -v 12 -w 1 -d sql:$HOME/nssdb -1 nonRepudiation,dataEncipherment -5 sslClient -6 clientAuth -7 jsmith@example.com</pre><p><span class="command"><strong>Listing Certificates</strong></span></p><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -C -c "my-ca-cert" -i /home/certs/cert.req -o cert.cer -m 010 -v 12 -w 1 -d $HOME/nssdb -1 nonRepudiation,dataEncipherment -5 sslClient -6 clientAuth -7 jsmith@example.com</pre><p><span class="command"><strong>Listing Certificates</strong></span></p><p>
The <code class="option">-L</code> command option lists all of the certificates listed in the certificate database. The path to the directory (<code class="option">-d</code>) is required.
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -L -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -L -d /home/my/sharednssdb
Certificate Nickname Trust Attributes
SSL,S/MIME,JAR/XPI
@ -178,7 +192,7 @@ Google Internet Authority ,,
Certificate Authority - Example Domain CT,C,C</pre><p>
Using additional arguments with <code class="option">-L</code> can return and print the information for a single, specific certificate. For example, the <code class="option">-n</code> argument passes the certificate name, while the <code class="option">-a</code> argument prints the certificate in ASCII format:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
$ certutil -L -d sql:$HOME/nssdb -a -n my-ca-cert
$ certutil -L -d $HOME/nssdb -a -n my-ca-cert
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIB1DCCAT2gAwIBAgICDkIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwFTETMBEGA1UEAxMKRXhh
bXBsZSBDQTAeFw0xMzAzMTMxOTEwMjlaFw0xMzA2MTMxOTEwMjlaMBUxEzARBgNV
@ -191,7 +205,7 @@ AQUFAAOBgQA6chkzkACN281d1jKMrc+RHG2UMaQyxiteaLVZO+Ro1nnRUvseDf09
XKYFwPMJjWCihVku6bw/ihZfuMHhxK22Nue6inNQ6eDu7WmrqL8z3iUrQwxs+WiF
ob2rb8XRVVJkzXdXxlk4uo3UtNvw8sAz7sWD71qxKaIHU5q49zijfg==
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
</pre><p>For a human-readable display</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -L -d sql:$HOME/nssdb -n my-ca-cert
</pre><p>For a human-readable display</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -L -d $HOME/nssdb -n my-ca-cert
Certificate:
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
@ -259,7 +273,7 @@ Certificate:
Keys are the original material used to encrypt certificate data. The keys generated for certificates are stored separately, in the key database.
</p><p>
To list all keys in the database, use the <code class="option">-K</code> command option and the (required) <code class="option">-d</code> argument to give the path to the directory.
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -K -d sql:$HOME/nssdb
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -K -d $HOME/nssdb
certutil: Checking token "NSS Certificate DB" in slot "NSS User Private Key and Certificate Services "
&lt; 0&gt; rsa 455a6673bde9375c2887ec8bf8016b3f9f35861d Thawte Freemail Member's Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd. ID
&lt; 1&gt; rsa 40defeeb522ade11090eacebaaf1196a172127df Example Domain Administrator Cert
@ -273,7 +287,7 @@ certutil: Checking token "NSS Certificate DB" in slot "NSS User Private Key and
If there are multiple key types available, then the <code class="option">-k</code> <span class="emphasis"><em>key-type</em></span> argument can search a specific type of key, like RSA, DSA, or ECC.
</p></li></ul></div><p><span class="command"><strong>Listing Security Modules</strong></span></p><p>
The devices that can be used to store certificates -- both internal databases and external devices like smart cards -- are recognized and used by loading security modules. The <code class="option">-U</code> command option lists all of the security modules listed in the <code class="filename">secmod.db</code> database. The path to the directory (<code class="option">-d</code>) is required.
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -U -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -U -d /home/my/sharednssdb
slot: NSS User Private Key and Certificate Services
token: NSS Certificate DB
@ -283,44 +297,44 @@ certutil: Checking token "NSS Certificate DB" in slot "NSS User Private Key and
token: NSS Generic Crypto Services
uri: pkcs11:token=NSS%20Generic%20Crypto%20Services;manufacturer=Mozilla%20Foundation;serial=0000000000000000;model=NSS%203</pre><p><span class="command"><strong>Adding Certificates to the Database</strong></span></p><p>
Existing certificates or certificate requests can be added manually to the certificate database, even if they were generated elsewhere. This uses the <code class="option">-A</code> command option.
</p><pre class="programlisting">certutil -A -n certname -t trustargs -d [sql:]directory [-a] [-i input-file]</pre><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">certutil -A -n certname -t trustargs -d directory [-a] [-i input-file]</pre><p>
For example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -A -n "CN=My SSL Certificate" -t ",," -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -i /home/example-certs/cert.cer</pre><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -A -n "CN=My SSL Certificate" -t ",," -d /home/my/sharednssdb -i /home/example-certs/cert.cer</pre><p>
A related command option, <code class="option">-E</code>, is used specifically to add email certificates to the certificate database. The <code class="option">-E</code> command has the same arguments as the <code class="option">-A</code> command. The trust arguments for certificates have the format <span class="emphasis"><em>SSL,S/MIME,Code-signing</em></span>, so the middle trust settings relate most to email certificates (though the others can be set). For example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -E -n "CN=John Smith Email Cert" -t ",P," -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -i /home/example-certs/email.cer</pre><p><span class="command"><strong>Deleting Certificates to the Database</strong></span></p><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -E -n "CN=John Smith Email Cert" -t ",P," -d /home/my/sharednssdb -i /home/example-certs/email.cer</pre><p><span class="command"><strong>Deleting Certificates to the Database</strong></span></p><p>
Certificates can be deleted from a database using the <code class="option">-D</code> option. The only required options are to give the security database directory and to identify the certificate nickname.
</p><pre class="programlisting">certutil -D -d [sql:]directory -n "nickname"</pre><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">certutil -D -d directory -n "nickname"</pre><p>
For example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -D -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -n "my-ssl-cert"</pre><p><span class="command"><strong>Validating Certificates</strong></span></p><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -D -d /home/my/sharednssdb -n "my-ssl-cert"</pre><p><span class="command"><strong>Validating Certificates</strong></span></p><p>
A certificate contains an expiration date in itself, and expired certificates are easily rejected. However, certificates can also be revoked before they hit their expiration date. Checking whether a certificate has been revoked requires validating the certificate. Validation can also be used to ensure that the certificate is only used for the purposes it was initially issued for. Validation is carried out by the <code class="option">-V</code> command option.
</p><pre class="programlisting">certutil -V -n certificate-name [-b time] [-e] [-u cert-usage] -d [sql:]directory</pre><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">certutil -V -n certificate-name [-b time] [-e] [-u cert-usage] -d directory</pre><p>
For example, to validate an email certificate:
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -V -n "John Smith's Email Cert" -e -u S,R -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb</pre><p><span class="command"><strong>Modifying Certificate Trust Settings</strong></span></p><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -V -n "John Smith's Email Cert" -e -u S,R -d /home/my/sharednssdb</pre><p><span class="command"><strong>Modifying Certificate Trust Settings</strong></span></p><p>
The trust settings (which relate to the operations that a certificate is allowed to be used for) can be changed after a certificate is created or added to the database. This is especially useful for CA certificates, but it can be performed for any type of certificate.
</p><pre class="programlisting">certutil -M -n certificate-name -t trust-args -d [sql:]directory</pre><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">certutil -M -n certificate-name -t trust-args -d directory</pre><p>
For example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -M -n "My CA Certificate" -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -t "CT,CT,CT"</pre><p><span class="command"><strong>Printing the Certificate Chain</strong></span></p><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -M -n "My CA Certificate" -d /home/my/sharednssdb -t "CT,CT,CT"</pre><p><span class="command"><strong>Printing the Certificate Chain</strong></span></p><p>
Certificates can be issued in <span class="emphasis"><em>chains</em></span> because every certificate authority itself has a certificate; when a CA issues a certificate, it essentially stamps that certificate with its own fingerprint. The <code class="option">-O</code> prints the full chain of a certificate, going from the initial CA (the root CA) through ever intermediary CA to the actual certificate. For example, for an email certificate with two CAs in the chain:
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -O -n "jsmith@example.com"
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -d /home/my/sharednssdb -O -n "jsmith@example.com"
"Builtin Object Token:Thawte Personal Freemail CA" [E=personal-freemail@thawte.com,CN=Thawte Personal Freemail CA,OU=Certification Services Division,O=Thawte Consulting,L=Cape Town,ST=Western Cape,C=ZA]
"Thawte Personal Freemail Issuing CA - Thawte Consulting" [CN=Thawte Personal Freemail Issuing CA,O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd.,C=ZA]
"(null)" [E=jsmith@example.com,CN=Thawte Freemail Member]</pre><p><span class="command"><strong>Resetting a Token</strong></span></p><p>
The device which stores certificates -- both external hardware devices and internal software databases -- can be blanked and reused. This operation is performed on the device which stores the data, not directly on the security databases, so the location must be referenced through the token name (<code class="option">-h</code>) as well as any directory path. If there is no external token used, the default value is internal.
</p><pre class="programlisting">certutil -T -d [sql:]directory -h token-name -0 security-officer-password</pre><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">certutil -T -d directory -h token-name -0 security-officer-password</pre><p>
Many networks have dedicated personnel who handle changes to security tokens (the security officer). This person must supply the password to access the specified token. For example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -T -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -h nethsm -0 secret</pre><p><span class="command"><strong>Upgrading or Merging the Security Databases</strong></span></p><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -T -d /home/my/sharednssdb -h nethsm -0 secret</pre><p><span class="command"><strong>Upgrading or Merging the Security Databases</strong></span></p><p>
Many networks or applications may be using older BerkeleyDB versions of the certificate database (<code class="filename">cert8.db</code>). Databases can be upgraded to the new SQLite version of the database (<code class="filename">cert9.db</code>) using the <code class="option">--upgrade-merge</code> command option or existing databases can be merged with the new <code class="filename">cert9.db</code> databases using the <code class="option">---merge</code> command.
</p><p>
The <code class="option">--upgrade-merge</code> command must give information about the original database and then use the standard arguments (like <code class="option">-d</code>) to give the information about the new databases. The command also requires information that the tool uses for the process to upgrade and write over the original database.
</p><pre class="programlisting">certutil --upgrade-merge -d [sql:]directory [-P dbprefix] --source-dir directory --source-prefix dbprefix --upgrade-id id --upgrade-token-name name [-@ password-file]</pre><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">certutil --upgrade-merge -d directory [-P dbprefix] --source-dir directory --source-prefix dbprefix --upgrade-id id --upgrade-token-name name [-@ password-file]</pre><p>
For example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil --upgrade-merge -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb --source-dir /opt/my-app/alias/ --source-prefix serverapp- --upgrade-id 1 --upgrade-token-name internal</pre><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil --upgrade-merge -d /home/my/sharednssdb --source-dir /opt/my-app/alias/ --source-prefix serverapp- --upgrade-id 1 --upgrade-token-name internal</pre><p>
The <code class="option">--merge</code> command only requires information about the location of the original database; since it doesn't change the format of the database, it can write over information without performing interim step.
</p><pre class="programlisting">certutil --merge -d [sql:]directory [-P dbprefix] --source-dir directory --source-prefix dbprefix [-@ password-file]</pre><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">certutil --merge -d directory [-P dbprefix] --source-dir directory --source-prefix dbprefix [-@ password-file]</pre><p>
For example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil --merge -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb --source-dir /opt/my-app/alias/ --source-prefix serverapp-</pre><p><span class="command"><strong>Running certutil Commands from a Batch File</strong></span></p><p>
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil --merge -d /home/my/sharednssdb --source-dir /opt/my-app/alias/ --source-prefix serverapp-</pre><p><span class="command"><strong>Running certutil Commands from a Batch File</strong></span></p><p>
A series of commands can be run sequentially from a text file with the <code class="option">-B</code> command option. The only argument for this specifies the input file.
</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -B -i /path/to/batch-file</pre></div><div class="refsection"><a name="databases"></a><h2>NSS Database Types</h2><p>NSS originally used BerkeleyDB databases to store security information.
The last versions of these <span class="emphasis"><em>legacy</em></span> databases are:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
@ -338,8 +352,8 @@ BerkeleyDB. These new databases provide more accessibility and performance:</p><
key4.db for keys
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
pkcs11.txt, a listing of all of the PKCS #11 modules, contained in a new subdirectory in the security databases directory
</p></li></ul></div><p>Because the SQLite databases are designed to be shared, these are the <span class="emphasis"><em>shared</em></span> database type. The shared database type is preferred; the legacy format is included for backward compatibility.</p><p>By default, the tools (<span class="command"><strong>certutil</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>pk12util</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>modutil</strong></span>) assume that the given security databases follow the more common legacy type.
Using the SQLite databases must be manually specified by using the <span class="command"><strong>sql:</strong></span> prefix with the given security directory. For example:</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -L -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb</pre><p>To set the shared database type as the default type for the tools, set the <code class="envar">NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE</code> environment variable to <code class="envar">sql</code>:</p><pre class="programlisting">export NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE="sql"</pre><p>This line can be set added to the <code class="filename">~/.bashrc</code> file to make the change permanent.</p><p>Most applications do not use the shared database by default, but they can be configured to use them. For example, this how-to article covers how to configure Firefox and Thunderbird to use the new shared NSS databases:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
</p></li></ul></div><p>Because the SQLite databases are designed to be shared, these are the <span class="emphasis"><em>shared</em></span> database type. The shared database type is preferred; the legacy format is included for backward compatibility.</p><p>By default, the tools (<span class="command"><strong>certutil</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>pk12util</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>modutil</strong></span>) assume that the given security databases use the SQLite type.
Using the legacy databases must be manually specified by using the <span class="command"><strong>dbm:</strong></span> prefix with the given security directory. For example:</p><pre class="programlisting">$ certutil -L -d dbm:/home/my/sharednssdb</pre><p>To set the legacy database type as the default type for the tools, set the <code class="envar">NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE</code> environment variable to <code class="envar">dbm</code>:</p><pre class="programlisting">export NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE="dbm"</pre><p>This line can be set added to the <code class="filename">~/.bashrc</code> file to make the change permanent.</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB_Howto</p></li></ul></div><p>For an engineering draft on the changes in the shared NSS databases, see the NSS project wiki:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="refsection"><a name="seealso"></a><h2>See Also</h2><p>pk12util (1)</p><p>modutil (1)</p><p><span class="command"><strong>certutil</strong></span> has arguments or operations that use features defined in several IETF RFCs.</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>