From 2a3679b2722953d35a264c8b6e00f446297fb089 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: IoIxD <alphaproject217@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Jan 2026 15:03:36 -0700
Subject: [PATCH] path and cd builtin

---
 Makefile                      |   4 +-
 src/builtins/builtins.c       |  22 ++
 src/builtins/builtins.h       |   8 +
 src/lexer/lexer.c             |  67 +++++-
 src/lexer/lexer.h             |  10 +-
 src/main.c                    |  14 +-
 src/system/linux/env.c        | 105 +++++++++
 src/system/linux/errno.c      | 405 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/system/linux/linux.c      |  71 +++++-
 src/system/linux/linux.h      |  15 ++
 src/system/system.h           |  74 ++++++-
 src/util.h                    |   8 -
 src/{util.c => util/calloc.c} |   0
 src/util/hash.c               |  12 +
 src/util/string.c             |  26 +++
 src/util/util.h               |  17 ++
 16 files changed, 814 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/builtins/builtins.c
 create mode 100644 src/builtins/builtins.h
 create mode 100644 src/system/linux/env.c
 create mode 100644 src/system/linux/errno.c
 create mode 100644 src/system/linux/linux.h
 delete mode 100644 src/util.h
 rename src/{util.c => util/calloc.c} (100%)
 create mode 100644 src/util/hash.c
 create mode 100644 src/util/string.c
 create mode 100644 src/util/util.h

diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index bce7885..ef4c691 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-SOURCES := src/main.c src/util.c src/lexer/lexer.c
+SOURCES := src/main.c src/util/calloc.c src/util/string.c src/util/hash.c src/lexer/lexer.c src/builtins/builtins.c
 CFLAGS := -g -O0 -nostdlib
 
 UNAME := $(shell uname)
 ARCH := $(shell uname -m)
 
 ifeq ($(UNAME), Linux)
-SOURCES += src/system/linux/linux.c src/system/linux/alloc.c
+SOURCES += src/system/linux/linux.c src/system/linux/alloc.c src/system/linux/env.c src/system/linux/errno.c
 CFLAGS += -fno-stack-protector
 CFLAGS += -DMSH_ENTRY_POINT="void _start()"
 ifeq ($(ARCH),i386)
diff --git a/src/builtins/builtins.c b/src/builtins/builtins.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b68144d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/builtins/builtins.c
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#include "builtins.h"
+#include "../system/system.h"
+#include "../util/util.h"
+
+int hashes_calced = 0;
+int cd_hash = 0;
+
+int msh_try_builtin(char *cmd, char **args) {
+  int hash = str_hash(cmd);
+
+  if (hashes_calced == 0) {
+    cd_hash = str_hash("cd");
+    hashes_calced = 1;
+  }
+  if (hash == cd_hash) {
+    msh_builtin_cd(args[1]);
+    return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+};
+
+void msh_builtin_cd(char *ch) { msh_set_working_directory(ch); };
diff --git a/src/builtins/builtins.h b/src/builtins/builtins.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea85771
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/builtins/builtins.h
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#ifndef __MSH_BUILTINS_H
+#define __MSH_BUILTINS_H
+
+int msh_try_builtin(char *cmd, char **args);
+
+void msh_builtin_cd(char *);
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/lexer/lexer.c b/src/lexer/lexer.c
index 2387e17..e310f88 100644
--- a/src/lexer/lexer.c
+++ b/src/lexer/lexer.c
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "lexer.h"
 
+#include "../builtins/builtins.h"
 #include "../system/system.h"
 
 struct msh_lexer_t {
@@ -19,12 +20,12 @@ msh_lexer *msh_lexer_new() {
   return l;
 };
 
-void msh_lexer_push_item(msh_lexer *lexer, msh_lexer_item_type type,
-                         unsigned char *buf, SIZE_TYPE strlen) {
+void msh_lexer_push_item(msh_lexer *lexer, msh_lexer_item_type type, char *buf,
+                         SIZE_TYPE strlen) {
   int i;
   msh_lexer_item *item = msh_callocate(sizeof(msh_lexer_item), 1);
 
-  item->str = msh_allocate(strlen * sizeof(unsigned char));
+  item->str = msh_allocate(strlen * sizeof(char));
   for (i = 0; i < strlen; i++) {
     item->str[i] = buf[i];
   }
@@ -38,10 +39,10 @@ void msh_lexer_push_item(msh_lexer *lexer, msh_lexer_item_type type,
   lexer->item_list_cur = lexer->item_list_cur->next;
 };
 
-void msh_lexer_parse(msh_lexer *lexer, unsigned char *buf, SIZE_TYPE sz) {
+void msh_lexer_parse(msh_lexer *lexer, char *buf, SIZE_TYPE sz) {
   int i = 0, n = 0, last = 0;
 
-  unsigned char *cur_word_buf = msh_callocate(1024, sizeof(unsigned char));
+  char *cur_word_buf = msh_callocate(1024, sizeof(char));
 
   for (i = 0; i < sz; i++) {
     int do_clear = 0;
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ void msh_lexer_parse(msh_lexer *lexer, unsigned char *buf, SIZE_TYPE sz) {
     }
     if (do_clear) {
       msh_deallocate(cur_word_buf);
-      cur_word_buf = msh_callocate(1024, sizeof(unsigned char));
+      cur_word_buf = msh_callocate(1024, sizeof(char));
       n = 0;
     }
   }
@@ -99,12 +100,14 @@ void msh_lexer_parse(msh_lexer *lexer, unsigned char *buf, SIZE_TYPE sz) {
 
 void msh_lexer_execute(msh_lexer *lexer) {
   msh_lexer_item_list *list = lexer->item_list_head;
-  unsigned char *cmd = 0;
+  char *cmd = 0;
 
   SIZE_TYPE cmd_size = 0;
   SIZE_TYPE args_size = 0;
-  unsigned char **args = 0;
-  int is_first_arg = 0, n = 0;
+  char **args = 0;
+  int is_first_arg = 0, i = 0, n = 0, j = 0, counter = 0, exec_success = 0;
+  const char *path = msh_env_get_path();
+  char *full_path;
 
   while (list != 0) {
     if (!list->item) {
@@ -119,7 +122,7 @@ void msh_lexer_execute(msh_lexer *lexer) {
     list = list->next;
   }
   list = lexer->item_list_head;
-  args = msh_allocate((args_size + 1) * sizeof(unsigned char *));
+  args = msh_allocate((args_size + 1) * sizeof(char *));
   while (list != 0) {
     if (!list->item) {
       break;
@@ -129,7 +132,49 @@ void msh_lexer_execute(msh_lexer *lexer) {
   }
   args[n++] = 0;
 
-  msh_execute(cmd, args);
+  /* Check if the command is a built-in */
+  if (msh_try_builtin(cmd, args)) {
+    exec_success = 1;
+  }
+  /* If the command is a file, first try and execute it. */
+  else if (msh_path_exists(cmd)) {
+    msh_execute(cmd, args);
+    exec_success = 1;
+  } else {
+    /* loop through all the path entries and check if the file exists in them.
+     */
+    i = 0, n = 0, j = 0;
+    full_path = msh_allocate(1024);
+    while (1) {
+      full_path[n++] = path[j];
+      if (path[j] == '\0') {
+        full_path[n - 1] = msh_path_seperator;
+        for (i = 0; cmd[i] != 0; i++) {
+          full_path[i + n] = cmd[i];
+        }
+        n += i;
+        full_path[n++] = '\0';
+
+        if (msh_path_exists(full_path)) {
+          msh_execute(full_path, args);
+          exec_success = 1;
+          break;
+        }
+
+        counter++;
+        if (counter > 2) {
+          break;
+        }
+        n = 0;
+      } else {
+        counter = 0;
+      }
+      j++;
+    }
+  }
+  if (!exec_success) {
+    msh_print_strings("msh: ", cmd, ": command not found\n", 0);
+  }
 
   msh_deallocate(args);
 
diff --git a/src/lexer/lexer.h b/src/lexer/lexer.h
index 276e429..88c8303 100644
--- a/src/lexer/lexer.h
+++ b/src/lexer/lexer.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef __MSH_LEXER_H
 #define __MSH_LEXER_H
 
-#include "../util.h"
+#include "../util/util.h"
 
 typedef enum msh_lexer_item_type_t {
   MSH_LEXER_ITEM_TYPE_UNKNOWN = 0,
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ typedef enum msh_lexer_item_type_t {
 
 typedef struct msh_lexer_item_t {
   msh_lexer_item_type type;
-  unsigned char *str;
+  char *str;
   SIZE_TYPE strlen;
 } msh_lexer_item;
 
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ typedef struct msh_lexer_item_list_t {
 typedef struct msh_lexer_t msh_lexer;
 
 msh_lexer *msh_lexer_new();
-void msh_lexer_parse(msh_lexer *lexer, unsigned char *buf, SIZE_TYPE sz);
-void msh_lexer_push_item(msh_lexer *lexer, msh_lexer_item_type type,
-                         unsigned char *buf, SIZE_TYPE strlen);
+void msh_lexer_parse(msh_lexer *lexer, char *buf, SIZE_TYPE sz);
+void msh_lexer_push_item(msh_lexer *lexer, msh_lexer_item_type type, char *buf,
+                         SIZE_TYPE strlen);
 
 void msh_lexer_flush(msh_lexer *lexer);
 
diff --git a/src/main.c b/src/main.c
index cf6c43f..e14356e 100644
--- a/src/main.c
+++ b/src/main.c
@@ -1,19 +1,21 @@
 #include "lexer/lexer.h"
 #include "system/system.h"
 
-unsigned char prefix[] = "%> ";
-
 /* Makefile-defined system entry point. */
 MSH_ENTRY_POINT {
-  msh_lexer *lexer = msh_lexer_new();
+  msh_lexer *lexer;
+
+  msh_backend_init();
+
+  lexer = msh_lexer_new();
 
   while (1) {
     int out;
-    unsigned char *buf = msh_callocate(2048, sizeof(unsigned char));
+    char *buf = msh_callocate(2048, sizeof(char));
     int i = 0, n = 0, last = 0;
     unsigned long long sz = 0;
 
-    msh_write(prefix, sizeof(prefix));
+    msh_print_strings(msh_working_directory(), " >", 0);
 
     while ((out = msh_read_input(buf, &sz, 2048)), !out) {
     }
@@ -27,4 +29,6 @@ MSH_ENTRY_POINT {
   }
 
   msh_lexer_free(lexer);
+
+  msh_backend_deinit();
 }
diff --git a/src/system/linux/env.c b/src/system/linux/env.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..676c6e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/system/linux/env.c
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+#include "../system.h"
+#include "linux.h"
+#include "syscall.h"
+
+typedef struct msh_linux_env_item_t msh_linux_env_item;
+struct msh_linux_env_item_t {
+  unsigned long key;
+  char *value;
+  int is_path;
+  msh_linux_env_item *next;
+};
+
+static msh_linux_env_item *env_items = 0;
+
+void msh_linux_env_map_init() {
+  msh_file *env_file;
+  SIZE_TYPE file_size;
+  char *file_buf;
+  char ch = 1;
+  int counter = 0, i = 0;
+  msh_linux_env_item *env_item_cur;
+
+  if (!env_items) {
+    env_items = msh_callocate(1, sizeof(msh_linux_env_item));
+  }
+  env_item_cur = env_items;
+
+  env_file = msh_file_open("/proc/self/environ");
+  file_buf = msh_callocate(512, sizeof(char));
+
+  while (1) {
+    msh_file_read(env_file, &ch, 1);
+
+    if (ch == ':' && env_item_cur->is_path == 1) {
+      file_buf[file_size++] = '\0';
+    } else if (ch != '=') {
+      file_buf[file_size++] = ch;
+    } else {
+      file_buf[file_size++] = '\0';
+    }
+
+    if (ch == '=') {
+      env_item_cur->key = str_hash(file_buf);
+      if (env_item_cur->key == str_hash("PATH")) {
+        env_item_cur->is_path = 1;
+      }
+      for (i = 0; i < file_size; i++) {
+        file_buf[i] = 0;
+      }
+      file_size = 0;
+    } else if (ch == '\0') {
+      env_item_cur->value = file_buf;
+      env_item_cur->next = msh_callocate(1, sizeof(msh_linux_env_item));
+
+      /* double null for path variables */
+      if (env_item_cur->is_path) {
+        file_buf[file_size++] = '\0';
+      }
+
+      file_buf = msh_callocate(512, sizeof(char));
+      file_size = 0;
+      env_item_cur = env_item_cur->next;
+
+      counter++;
+
+      if (counter >= 2) {
+        break;
+      }
+    } else {
+      counter = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  msh_deallocate(file_buf);
+
+  msh_file_close(env_file);
+};
+void msh_linux_env_map_deinit() {};
+
+const char *msh_env_get(const char *key) {
+  msh_linux_env_item *env_item_cur = env_items;
+  int hash = str_hash((char *)key);
+
+  while (env_item_cur->next != 0) {
+    if (env_item_cur->key == hash) {
+      return env_item_cur->value;
+    }
+    env_item_cur = env_item_cur->next;
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+};
+
+const char *msh_env_get_path() {
+  msh_linux_env_item *env_item_cur = env_items;
+
+  while (env_item_cur->next != 0) {
+    if (env_item_cur->is_path) {
+      return env_item_cur->value;
+    }
+    env_item_cur = env_item_cur->next;
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+};
diff --git a/src/system/linux/errno.c b/src/system/linux/errno.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6f4829
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/system/linux/errno.c
@@ -0,0 +1,405 @@
+#include "linux.h"
+
+#include <sys/errno.h>
+#undef errno
+
+void msh_linux_print_errno(int errno) {
+  switch (errno) {
+  case EPERM:
+    msh_print_string("Operation not permitted");
+    break;
+  case ENOENT:
+    msh_print_string("No such file or directory");
+    break;
+  case ESRCH:
+    msh_print_string("No such process");
+    break;
+  case EINTR:
+    msh_print_string("Interrupted system call");
+    break;
+  case EIO:
+    msh_print_string("Input/output error");
+    break;
+  case ENXIO:
+    msh_print_string("No such device or address");
+    break;
+  case E2BIG:
+    msh_print_string("Argument list too long");
+    break;
+  case ENOEXEC:
+    msh_print_string("Exec format error");
+    break;
+  case EBADF:
+    msh_print_string("Bad file descriptor");
+    break;
+  case ECHILD:
+    msh_print_string("No child processes");
+    break;
+  case EAGAIN:
+    msh_print_string("Resource temporarily unavailable");
+    break;
+  case ENOMEM:
+    msh_print_string("Cannot allocate memory");
+    break;
+  case EACCES:
+    msh_print_string("Permission denied");
+    break;
+  case EFAULT:
+    msh_print_string("Bad address");
+    break;
+  case ENOTBLK:
+    msh_print_string("Block device required");
+    break;
+  case EBUSY:
+    msh_print_string("Device or resource busy");
+    break;
+  case EEXIST:
+    msh_print_string("File exists");
+    break;
+  case EXDEV:
+    msh_print_string("Invalid cross-device link");
+    break;
+  case ENODEV:
+    msh_print_string("No such device");
+    break;
+  case ENOTDIR:
+    msh_print_string("Not a directory");
+    break;
+  case EISDIR:
+    msh_print_string("Is a directory");
+    break;
+  case EINVAL:
+    msh_print_string("Invalid argument");
+    break;
+  case ENFILE:
+    msh_print_string("Too many open files in system");
+    break;
+  case EMFILE:
+    msh_print_string("Too many open files");
+    break;
+  case ENOTTY:
+    msh_print_string("Inappropriate ioctl for device");
+    break;
+  case ETXTBSY:
+    msh_print_string("Text file busy");
+    break;
+  case EFBIG:
+    msh_print_string("File too large");
+    break;
+  case ENOSPC:
+    msh_print_string("No space left on device");
+    break;
+  case ESPIPE:
+    msh_print_string("Illegal seek");
+    break;
+  case EROFS:
+    msh_print_string("Read-only file system");
+    break;
+  case EMLINK:
+    msh_print_string("Too many links");
+    break;
+  case EPIPE:
+    msh_print_string("Broken pipe");
+    break;
+  case EDOM:
+    msh_print_string("Numerical argument out of domain");
+    break;
+  case ERANGE:
+    msh_print_string("Numerical result out of range");
+    break;
+  case EDEADLK:
+    msh_print_string("Resource deadlock avoided");
+    break;
+  case ENAMETOOLONG:
+    msh_print_string("File name too long");
+    break;
+  case ENOLCK:
+    msh_print_string("No locks available");
+    break;
+  case ENOSYS:
+    msh_print_string("Function not implemented");
+    break;
+  case ENOTEMPTY:
+    msh_print_string("Directory not empty");
+    break;
+  case ELOOP:
+    msh_print_string("Too many levels of symbolic links");
+    break;
+  case ENOMSG:
+    msh_print_string("No message of desired type");
+    break;
+  case EIDRM:
+    msh_print_string("Identifier removed");
+    break;
+  case ECHRNG:
+    msh_print_string("Channel number out of range");
+    break;
+  case EL2NSYNC:
+    msh_print_string("Level 2 not synchronized");
+    break;
+  case EL3HLT:
+    msh_print_string("Level 3 halted");
+    break;
+  case EL3RST:
+    msh_print_string("Level 3 reset");
+    break;
+  case ELNRNG:
+    msh_print_string("Link number out of range");
+    break;
+  case EUNATCH:
+    msh_print_string("Protocol driver not attached");
+    break;
+  case ENOCSI:
+    msh_print_string("No CSI structure available");
+    break;
+  case EL2HLT:
+    msh_print_string("Level 2 halted");
+    break;
+  case EBADE:
+    msh_print_string("Invalid exchange");
+    break;
+  case EBADR:
+    msh_print_string("Invalid request descriptor");
+    break;
+  case EXFULL:
+    msh_print_string("Exchange full");
+    break;
+  case ENOANO:
+    msh_print_string("No anode");
+    break;
+  case EBADRQC:
+    msh_print_string("Invalid request code");
+    break;
+  case EBADSLT:
+    msh_print_string("Invalid slot");
+    break;
+  case EBFONT:
+    msh_print_string("Bad font file format");
+    break;
+  case ENOSTR:
+    msh_print_string("Device not a stream");
+    break;
+  case ENODATA:
+    msh_print_string("No data available");
+    break;
+  case ETIME:
+    msh_print_string("Timer expired");
+    break;
+  case ENOSR:
+    msh_print_string("Out of streams resources");
+    break;
+  case ENONET:
+    msh_print_string("Machine is not on the network");
+    break;
+  case ENOPKG:
+    msh_print_string("Package not installed");
+    break;
+  case EREMOTE:
+    msh_print_string("Object is remote");
+    break;
+  case ENOLINK:
+    msh_print_string("Link has been severed");
+    break;
+  case EADV:
+    msh_print_string("Advertise error");
+    break;
+  case ESRMNT:
+    msh_print_string("Srmount error");
+    break;
+  case ECOMM:
+    msh_print_string("Communication error on send");
+    break;
+  case EPROTO:
+    msh_print_string("Protocol error");
+    break;
+  case EMULTIHOP:
+    msh_print_string("Multihop attempted");
+    break;
+  case EDOTDOT:
+    msh_print_string("RFS specific error");
+    break;
+  case EBADMSG:
+    msh_print_string("Bad message");
+    break;
+  case EOVERFLOW:
+    msh_print_string("Value too large for defined data type");
+    break;
+  case ENOTUNIQ:
+    msh_print_string("Name not unique on network");
+    break;
+  case EBADFD:
+    msh_print_string("File descriptor in bad state");
+    break;
+  case EREMCHG:
+    msh_print_string("Remote address changed");
+    break;
+  case ELIBACC:
+    msh_print_string("Can not access a needed shared library");
+    break;
+  case ELIBBAD:
+    msh_print_string("Accessing a corrupted shared library");
+    break;
+  case ELIBSCN:
+    msh_print_string(".lib section in a.out corrupted");
+    break;
+  case ELIBMAX:
+    msh_print_string("Attempting to link in too many shared libraries");
+    break;
+  case ELIBEXEC:
+    msh_print_string("Cannot exec a shared library directly");
+    break;
+  case EILSEQ:
+    msh_print_string("Invalid or incomplete multibyte or wide character");
+    break;
+  case ERESTART:
+    msh_print_string("Interrupted system call should be restarted");
+    break;
+  case ESTRPIPE:
+    msh_print_string("Streams pipe error");
+    break;
+  case EUSERS:
+    msh_print_string("Too many users");
+    break;
+  case ENOTSOCK:
+    msh_print_string("Socket operation on non-socket");
+    break;
+  case EDESTADDRREQ:
+    msh_print_string("Destination address required");
+    break;
+  case EMSGSIZE:
+    msh_print_string("Message too long");
+    break;
+  case EPROTOTYPE:
+    msh_print_string("Protocol wrong type for socket");
+    break;
+  case ENOPROTOOPT:
+    msh_print_string("Protocol not available");
+    break;
+  case EPROTONOSUPPORT:
+    msh_print_string("Protocol not supported");
+    break;
+  case ESOCKTNOSUPPORT:
+    msh_print_string("Socket type not supported");
+    break;
+  case EOPNOTSUPP:
+    msh_print_string("Operation not supported");
+    break;
+  case EPFNOSUPPORT:
+    msh_print_string("Protocol family not supported");
+    break;
+  case EAFNOSUPPORT:
+    msh_print_string("Address family not supported by protocol");
+    break;
+  case EADDRINUSE:
+    msh_print_string("Address already in use");
+    break;
+  case EADDRNOTAVAIL:
+    msh_print_string("Cannot assign requested address");
+    break;
+  case ENETDOWN:
+    msh_print_string("Network is down");
+    break;
+  case ENETUNREACH:
+    msh_print_string("Network is unreachable");
+    break;
+  case ENETRESET:
+    msh_print_string("Network dropped connection on reset");
+    break;
+  case ECONNABORTED:
+    msh_print_string("Software caused connection abort");
+    break;
+  case ECONNRESET:
+    msh_print_string("Connection reset by peer");
+    break;
+  case ENOBUFS:
+    msh_print_string("No buffer space available");
+    break;
+  case EISCONN:
+    msh_print_string("Transport endpoint is already connected");
+    break;
+  case ENOTCONN:
+    msh_print_string("Transport endpoint is not connected");
+    break;
+  case ESHUTDOWN:
+    msh_print_string("Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown");
+    break;
+  case ETOOMANYREFS:
+    msh_print_string("Too many references: cannot splice");
+    break;
+  case ETIMEDOUT:
+    msh_print_string("Connection timed out");
+    break;
+  case ECONNREFUSED:
+    msh_print_string("Connection refused");
+    break;
+  case EHOSTDOWN:
+    msh_print_string("Host is down");
+    break;
+  case EHOSTUNREACH:
+    msh_print_string("No route to host");
+    break;
+  case EALREADY:
+    msh_print_string("Operation already in progress");
+    break;
+  case EINPROGRESS:
+    msh_print_string("Operation now in progress");
+    break;
+  case ESTALE:
+    msh_print_string("Stale file handle");
+    break;
+  case EUCLEAN:
+    msh_print_string("Structure needs cleaning");
+    break;
+  case ENOTNAM:
+    msh_print_string("Not a XENIX named type file");
+    break;
+  case ENAVAIL:
+    msh_print_string("No XENIX semaphores available");
+    break;
+  case EISNAM:
+    msh_print_string("Is a named type file");
+    break;
+  case EREMOTEIO:
+    msh_print_string("Remote I/O error");
+    break;
+  case EDQUOT:
+    msh_print_string("Disk quota exceeded");
+    break;
+  case ENOMEDIUM:
+    msh_print_string("No medium found");
+    break;
+  case EMEDIUMTYPE:
+    msh_print_string("Wrong medium type");
+    break;
+  case ECANCELED:
+    msh_print_string("Operation canceled");
+    break;
+  case ENOKEY:
+    msh_print_string("Required key not available");
+    break;
+  case EKEYEXPIRED:
+    msh_print_string("Key has expired");
+    break;
+  case EKEYREVOKED:
+    msh_print_string("Key has been revoked");
+    break;
+  case EKEYREJECTED:
+    msh_print_string("Key was rejected by service");
+    break;
+  case EOWNERDEAD:
+    msh_print_string("Owner died");
+    break;
+  case ENOTRECOVERABLE:
+    msh_print_string("State not recoverable");
+    break;
+  case ERFKILL:
+    msh_print_string("Operation not possible due to RF-kill");
+    break;
+  case EHWPOISON:
+    msh_print_string("Memory page has hardware error");
+    break;
+  default:
+    msh_print_string("Unknown");
+    break;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/system/linux/linux.c b/src/system/linux/linux.c
index 69269f1..a82524f 100644
--- a/src/system/linux/linux.c
+++ b/src/system/linux/linux.c
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
+#include "linux.h"
 #include "../system.h"
 #include "syscall.h"
 
 #include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/file.h>
 #include <sys/wait.h>
 
-int msh_read_input(unsigned char *ptr, SIZE_TYPE *size, SIZE_TYPE n) {
+char msh_path_seperator = '/';
+
+int msh_read_input(char *ptr, SIZE_TYPE *size, SIZE_TYPE n) {
   char ch;
   SIZE_TYPE sz;
   if (*size >= n) {
@@ -21,19 +25,20 @@ int msh_read_input(unsigned char *ptr, SIZE_TYPE *size, SIZE_TYPE n) {
   return 0;
 };
 
-void msh_write(unsigned char *st, SIZE_TYPE size) {
-  SYSCALL(write, 1, st, size);
-}
+void msh_write(char *st, SIZE_TYPE size) { SYSCALL(write, 1, st, size); }
 
-int msh_execute(unsigned char *cmd, unsigned char **args) {
+int msh_execute(char *cmd, char **args) {
   if (*cmd == '\0') {
     return 0;
   }
   SIZE_TYPE fork = (SIZE_TYPE)SYSCALL(fork, 0);
   // int fork = 0;
   if (fork == 0) {
-    SYSCALL(execve, cmd, args, 0);
-    return 0;
+    int h = (int)SYSCALL(execve, cmd, args, 0);
+    if (h == -2) {
+      return -1;
+    }
+    return h;
   } else {
     siginfo_t info;
     SYSCALL(waitid, P_ALL, 0, &info, WEXITED);
@@ -42,3 +47,55 @@ int msh_execute(unsigned char *cmd, unsigned char **args) {
   }
   return 0;
 };
+
+void msh_exit_shell() { SYSCALL(exit, 0); };
+
+msh_file *msh_file_open(const char *file) {
+  msh_file *f = msh_allocate(sizeof(struct msh_file_t));
+
+  f->fd = (int)(SIZE_TYPE)SYSCALL(open, file, O_RDONLY);
+
+  if (f->fd < 0) {
+    msh_print_strings("Error opening ", file, ": ", 0);
+    msh_linux_print_errno(f->fd * -1);
+    msh_print_string("\n");
+
+    msh_exit_shell();
+  }
+
+  return f;
+};
+
+void msh_file_close(msh_file *file) { SYSCALL(close, file->fd); };
+
+void msh_file_read(msh_file *file, char *ptr, SIZE_TYPE n) {
+  SYSCALL(read, file->fd, ptr, n);
+};
+
+SIZE_TYPE msh_file_size(msh_file *file) {
+  SIZE_TYPE sz;
+
+  SYSCALL(lseek, file->fd, 0, SEEK_END);
+
+  sz = (SIZE_TYPE)SYSCALL(lseek, file->fd, 0, SEEK_CUR);
+
+  SYSCALL(lseek, file->fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
+
+  return sz;
+};
+
+static char cwd[512];
+int num;
+
+const char *msh_working_directory() {
+  SYSCALL(getcwd, &cwd, &num);
+  return cwd;
+};
+
+void msh_set_working_directory(const char *dir) { SYSCALL(chdir, dir); }
+
+int msh_path_exists(char *file) { return SYSCALL(access, file, F_OK) == 0; };
+
+void msh_backend_init() { msh_linux_env_map_init(); };
+
+void msh_backend_deinit() { msh_linux_env_map_deinit(); };
diff --git a/src/system/linux/linux.h b/src/system/linux/linux.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b272463
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/system/linux/linux.h
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#ifndef __MSH_SYSTEM_LINUX_LINUX_H
+#define __MSH_SYSTEM_LINUX_LINUX_H
+
+#include "../../util/util.h"
+#include "../system.h"
+
+void msh_linux_print_errno(int errno);
+void msh_linux_env_map_init();
+void msh_linux_env_map_deinit();
+
+struct msh_file_t {
+  int fd;
+};
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/system/system.h b/src/system/system.h
index b2d8833..241ca51 100644
--- a/src/system/system.h
+++ b/src/system/system.h
@@ -9,6 +9,12 @@
 #endif
 #endif
 
+/* Initialize anything that the backend needs. */
+void msh_backend_init();
+
+/* Deinitialize anything that the backend needs. */
+void msh_backend_deinit();
+
 /* Allocate memory */
 void *msh_allocate(SIZE_TYPE size);
 
@@ -18,14 +24,55 @@ void *msh_callocate(SIZE_TYPE number, SIZE_TYPE size);
 /* Deallocate memory previously allocated by msh_allocate */
 void msh_deallocate(void *ptr);
 
+/* Exit shell */
+void msh_exit_shell();
+
+/* File given by the file functions */
+typedef struct msh_file_t msh_file;
+
+/*
+ * Open the given file
+ */
+msh_file *msh_file_open(const char *file);
+
+/*
+ * Close the given file
+ */
+void msh_file_close(msh_file *file);
+
+/*
+ * Get the file's size
+ */
+SIZE_TYPE msh_file_size(msh_file *file);
+
+/*
+ * Return whether the path exists
+ */
+int msh_path_exists(char *file);
+
+/*
+ * Read up to x characters from file into ptr
+ */
+void msh_file_read(msh_file *file, char *ptr, SIZE_TYPE n);
+
 /*
  * Read user input into ptr, stopping if it has reached n characters.
  * returns 1 if finished reading, 2 if it ran out of space.
  */
-int msh_read_input(unsigned char *ptr, SIZE_TYPE *size, SIZE_TYPE n);
+int msh_read_input(char *ptr, SIZE_TYPE *size, SIZE_TYPE n);
 
 /* Write characters to terminal. */
-void msh_write(unsigned char *st, SIZE_TYPE size);
+void msh_write(char *st, SIZE_TYPE size);
+
+/*
+ * Get working directory
+ */
+const char *msh_working_directory();
+
+/*
+ * Set working directory
+ */
+void msh_set_working_directory(const char *);
 
 /*
  * Execute given command with args.
@@ -33,12 +80,27 @@ void msh_write(unsigned char *st, SIZE_TYPE size);
  * cmd is self explanatory, args is a null terminated array of strings based on
  * the arguments the user provided.
  *
- * The function is also responsible for searching the user's PATH to execute the
- * first command.
  *
- * Returns exit status (or 0 on platforms where that isn't a thing).
+ * Non-zero return values are the exit status. -1 implies the command was not
+ * found.
  */
-int msh_execute(unsigned char *cmd, unsigned char **args);
+int msh_execute(char *cmd, char **args);
+
+/*
+    Get an environment variable with the given key.
+ */
+const char *msh_env_get(const char *key);
+
+/*
+ * Gets a NULL-delimited string representing the folders to search for in the
+ * path, ending in two NULLs.
+ */
+const char *msh_env_get_path();
+
+/*
+ * System path seperator
+ */
+extern char msh_path_seperator;
 
 #ifndef MSH_ENTRY_POINT
 /*
diff --git a/src/util.h b/src/util.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 926e238..0000000
--- a/src/util.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __MSH_UTIL_H
-#define __MSH_UTIL_H
-
-#include "system/system.h"
-
-void *msh_callocate(SIZE_TYPE number, SIZE_TYPE size);
-
-#endif
diff --git a/src/util.c b/src/util/calloc.c
similarity index 100%
rename from src/util.c
rename to src/util/calloc.c
diff --git a/src/util/hash.c b/src/util/hash.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..734c07e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/util/hash.c
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#include "util.h"
+
+unsigned long str_hash(char *str) {
+  unsigned long hash = 5381;
+  int c;
+
+  while ((c = *str++), *str) {
+    hash = ((hash << 5) + hash) + c;
+  }
+
+  return hash;
+}
diff --git a/src/util/string.c b/src/util/string.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b0fe68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/util/string.c
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#include "util.h"
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+void msh_print_string(char *str) {
+  int i = 0;
+  while (str[i] != '\0') {
+    msh_write(&str[i], 1);
+    i++;
+  }
+}
+
+void msh_print_strings(char *str, ...) {
+  va_list va;
+
+  msh_print_string(str);
+
+  va_start(va, str);
+  for (;;) {
+    char *st = va_arg(va, char *);
+    if (st == 0) {
+      break;
+    }
+    msh_print_string(st);
+  }
+};
diff --git a/src/util/util.h b/src/util/util.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..496e670
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/util/util.h
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#ifndef __MSH_UTIL_H
+#define __MSH_UTIL_H
+
+#include "../system/system.h"
+
+void *msh_callocate(SIZE_TYPE number, SIZE_TYPE size);
+
+/* Print NULL terminated array of strings */
+void msh_print_strings(char *str, ...);
+
+/* Print array of strings */
+void msh_print_string(char *str);
+
+/* Hash string */
+unsigned long str_hash(char *str);
+
+#endif