From 8ff27ca2bcb6d905dd9ea53a102ecf342e620776 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: 33333-33333 <arinco114arinco114@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 May 2026 20:21:58 +0900
Subject: [PATCH] tweak

---
 script.js | 8666 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------
 1 file changed, 4188 insertions(+), 4478 deletions(-)

diff --git a/script.js b/script.js
index f502b26..36d8474 100644
--- a/script.js
+++ b/script.js
@@ -1,3790 +1,3520 @@
 const Terrain = Object.freeze({
-  PLAINS: 0,
-  FOREST: 1,
-  MOUNTAIN: 2,
-  WATER: 3,
-  DESERT: 4,
-  FERTILE: 5,
-  MINERAL: 6
+PLAINS: 0,
+FOREST: 1,
+MOUNTAIN: 2,
+WATER: 3,
+DESERT: 4,
+FERTILE: 5,
+MINERAL: 6
 });
-
 const terrainInfo = [
-  { name: "Plains", color: [82, 102, 74], move: 1.0, fertility: 0.55, mineral: 0.05, regen: 0.025 },
-  { name: "Forest", color: [58, 91, 68], move: 1.3, fertility: 0.62, mineral: 0.08, regen: 0.038 },
-  { name: "Mountains", color: [104, 105, 101], move: 2.6, fertility: 0.18, mineral: 0.78, regen: 0.012 },
-  { name: "Water", color: [52, 78, 103], move: 7.0, fertility: 0.04, mineral: 0.02, regen: 0.004 },
-  { name: "Desert", color: [139, 123, 86], move: 1.55, fertility: 0.16, mineral: 0.16, regen: 0.014 },
-  { name: "Fertile", color: [94, 122, 78], move: 0.9, fertility: 0.92, mineral: 0.04, regen: 0.055 },
-  { name: "Mineral", color: [118, 101, 94], move: 1.5, fertility: 0.38, mineral: 0.95, regen: 0.018 }
+{ name: "Plains", color: [82, 102, 74], move: 1.0, fertility: 0.55, mineral: 0.05, regen: 0.025 },
+{ name: "Forest", color: [58, 91, 68], move: 1.3, fertility: 0.62, mineral: 0.08, regen: 0.038 },
+{ name: "Mountains", color: [104, 105, 101], move: 2.6, fertility: 0.18, mineral: 0.78, regen: 0.012 },
+{ name: "Water", color: [52, 78, 103], move: 7.0, fertility: 0.04, mineral: 0.02, regen: 0.004 },
+{ name: "Desert", color: [139, 123, 86], move: 1.55, fertility: 0.16, mineral: 0.16, regen: 0.014 },
+{ name: "Fertile", color: [94, 122, 78], move: 0.9, fertility: 0.92, mineral: 0.04, regen: 0.055 },
+{ name: "Mineral", color: [118, 101, 94], move: 1.5, fertility: 0.38, mineral: 0.95, regen: 0.018 }
 ];
-
 const MONTHS_PER_YEAR = 12;
 const SAVE_KEY = "civil-emergence-save";
 const SAVE_VERSION = 3;
 const MAX_SAVE_BYTES = 4_500_000;
-
 const SimConfig = Object.freeze({
-  population: Object.freeze({
-    maxAgentsFloor: 8000,
-    maxAgentsScale: 1.15,
-    maxOffspringPerStep: 360,
-    carryingCapacityBase: 2.4,
-    carryingCapacityFertility: 7.8,
-    carryingCapacityMineral: 1.8,
-    carryingCapacityFarmland: 5.5,
-    pressurePenaltyBase: 0.2,
-    pressureReproductionPenalty: 0.16
-  }),
-  city: Object.freeze({
-    maxCities: 300
-  }),
-  render: Object.freeze({
-    graphThrottleMs: 700,
-    statsThrottleMs: 350,
-    historyWindowYears: 2000,
-    historySamplePaddingYears: 240
-  }),
-  save: Object.freeze({
-    key: SAVE_KEY,
-    version: SAVE_VERSION,
-    maxBytes: MAX_SAVE_BYTES
-  }),
-  technology: Object.freeze({
-    cityDiffusion: 0.0022,
-    tradeDiffusion: 0.0032,
-    cityInnovation: 0.00045
-  }),
-  polity: Object.freeze({
-    minimumPerCapitaFood: 0.06,
-    logisticsDistance: 34
-  }),
-  culture: Object.freeze({
-    spreadRadius: 3,
-    cityWeight: 0.035,
-    routeWeight: 1.35,
-    minimumInfluence: 0.18
-  }),
-  disaster: Object.freeze({
-    checkIntervalYears: 8,
-    baseChance: 0.38,
-    minRadius: 6,
-    maxRadius: 34,
-    rareLargeChance: 0.10,
-    largeRadiusMin: 28,
-    largeRadiusMax: 54,
-    minIntensity: 0.25,
-    maxIntensity: 0.95,
-    visualDurationYears: 18,
-    maxActiveVisuals: 12,
-    maxHistory: 160
-  })
+population: Object.freeze({
+maxAgentsFloor: 8000,
+maxAgentsScale: 1.15,
+maxOffspringPerStep: 360,
+carryingCapacityBase: 2.4,
+carryingCapacityFertility: 7.8,
+carryingCapacityMineral: 1.8,
+carryingCapacityFarmland: 5.5,
+pressurePenaltyBase: 0.2,
+pressureReproductionPenalty: 0.16
+}),
+city: Object.freeze({
+maxCities: 300
+}),
+render: Object.freeze({
+graphThrottleMs: 1400,
+statsThrottleMs: 900,
+historyWindowYears: 2000,
+historySamplePaddingYears: 240
+}),
+save: Object.freeze({
+key: SAVE_KEY,
+version: SAVE_VERSION,
+maxBytes: MAX_SAVE_BYTES
+}),
+technology: Object.freeze({
+cityDiffusion: 0.0022,
+tradeDiffusion: 0.0032,
+cityInnovation: 0.00045
+}),
+polity: Object.freeze({
+minimumPerCapitaFood: 0.06,
+logisticsDistance: 34
+}),
+culture: Object.freeze({
+spreadRadius: 3,
+cityWeight: 0.035,
+routeWeight: 1.35,
+minimumInfluence: 0.18
+}),
+disaster: Object.freeze({
+damageScale: 1.5,
+majorLossRate: 0.05,
+checkIntervalYears: 8,
+baseChance: 0.38,
+minRadius: 6,
+maxRadius: 34,
+rareLargeChance: 0.10,
+largeRadiusMin: 28,
+largeRadiusMax: 54,
+minIntensity: 0.25,
+maxIntensity: 0.95,
+visualDurationYears: 18,
+maxActiveVisuals: 12,
+maxHistory: 160
+})
 });
-
 function years(value) {
-  return value * MONTHS_PER_YEAR;
+return value * MONTHS_PER_YEAR;
 }
-
 const els = {
-  canvas: document.getElementById("world"),
-  sim: document.querySelector(".sim"),
-  toggleRun: document.getElementById("toggleRun"),
-  stepOnce: document.getElementById("stepOnce"),
-  resetWorld: document.getElementById("resetWorld"),
-  saveWorld: document.getElementById("saveWorld"),
-  loadWorld: document.getElementById("loadWorld"),
-  clearSave: document.getElementById("clearSave"),
-  speed: document.getElementById("speed"),
-  agentCount: document.getElementById("agentCount"),
-  worldSize: document.getElementById("worldSize"),
-  viewMode: document.getElementById("viewMode"),
-  year: document.getElementById("year"),
-  activeGroups: document.getElementById("activeGroups"),
-  urbanPopulation: document.getElementById("urbanPopulation"),
-  ethnicities: document.getElementById("ethnicities"),
-  cities: document.getElementById("cities"),
-  polities: document.getElementById("polities"),
-  wars: document.getElementById("wars"),
-  routes: document.getElementById("routes"),
-  farmingKnowledge: document.getElementById("farmingKnowledge"),
-  metallurgyKnowledge: document.getElementById("metallurgyKnowledge"),
-  deaths: document.getElementById("deaths"),
-  frameCost: document.getElementById("frameCost"),
-  ethnicityList: document.getElementById("ethnicityList"),
-  legend: document.getElementById("legend"),
-  tooltip: document.getElementById("tooltip"),
-  stateGraph: document.getElementById("stateGraph"),
-  historyRange: document.getElementById("historyRange"),
-  historyFilter: document.getElementById("historyFilter"),
-  historySort: document.getElementById("historySort"),
-  historyMetric: document.getElementById("historyMetric"),
-  toggleActiveStates: document.getElementById("toggleActiveStates"),
-  togglePastStates: document.getElementById("togglePastStates"),
-  stateGraphInfo: document.getElementById("stateGraphInfo"),
-  stateGraphTooltip: document.getElementById("stateGraphTooltip")
+canvas: document.getElementById("world"),
+sim: document.querySelector(".sim"),
+toggleRun: document.getElementById("toggleRun"),
+stepOnce: document.getElementById("stepOnce"),
+resetWorld: document.getElementById("resetWorld"),
+saveWorld: document.getElementById("saveWorld"),
+loadWorld: document.getElementById("loadWorld"),
+clearSave: document.getElementById("clearSave"),
+speed: document.getElementById("speed"),
+agentCount: document.getElementById("agentCount"),
+worldSize: document.getElementById("worldSize"),
+viewMode: document.getElementById("viewMode"),
+year: document.getElementById("year"),
+activeGroups: document.getElementById("activeGroups"),
+urbanPopulation: document.getElementById("urbanPopulation"),
+ethnicities: document.getElementById("ethnicities"),
+cities: document.getElementById("cities"),
+polities: document.getElementById("polities"),
+wars: document.getElementById("wars"),
+routes: document.getElementById("routes"),
+farmingKnowledge: document.getElementById("farmingKnowledge"),
+metallurgyKnowledge: document.getElementById("metallurgyKnowledge"),
+deaths: document.getElementById("deaths"),
+frameCost: document.getElementById("frameCost"),
+ethnicityList: document.getElementById("ethnicityList"),
+legend: document.getElementById("legend"),
+tooltip: document.getElementById("tooltip"),
+stateGraph: document.getElementById("stateGraph"),
+historyRange: document.getElementById("historyRange"),
+historyFilter: document.getElementById("historyFilter"),
+historySort: document.getElementById("historySort"),
+historyMetric: document.getElementById("historyMetric"),
+toggleActiveStates: document.getElementById("toggleActiveStates"),
+togglePastStates: document.getElementById("togglePastStates"),
+stateGraphInfo: document.getElementById("stateGraphInfo"),
+stateGraphTooltip: document.getElementById("stateGraphTooltip")
 };
-
 const ctx = els.canvas.getContext("2d", { alpha: false });
 let sim;
 let running = true;
 let frame = 0;
 let lastStatsAt = 0;
 let lastGraphRenderAt = 0;
+let lastRenderAt = 0;
+let lastSimTickAt = 0;
+let renderDirty = true;
+let loopTimer = null;
+let loopScheduled = false;
 let hoverState = null;
 let renderImage = null;
 let renderImageSize = 0;
+const LoopConfig = Object.freeze({
+simTickMs: 33,
+renderMs: 66,
+stepBudgetMs: 4.5,
+idlePollMs: 180,
+hiddenPollMs: 1000
+});
 const graphState = {
-  filter: "all",
-  sort: "important",
-  metric: "power",
-  showActive: true,
-  showPast: true,
-  hoverPolityId: null,
-  rows: [],
-  markers: [],
-  scale: null
+filter: "all",
+sort: "important",
+metric: "power",
+showActive: true,
+showPast: true,
+hoverPolityId: null,
+rows: [],
+markers: [],
+scale: null
 };
-
 class Rng {
-  constructor(seed) {
-    this.seed = seed >>> 0;
-  }
-
-  next() {
-    this.seed = (1664525 * this.seed + 1013904223) >>> 0;
-    return this.seed / 4294967296;
-  }
-
-  range(min, max) {
-    return min + (max - min) * this.next();
-  }
-
-  int(max) {
-    return Math.floor(this.next() * max);
-  }
+constructor(seed) {
+this.seed = seed >>> 0;
+}
+next() {
+this.seed = (1664525 * this.seed + 1013904223) >>> 0;
+return this.seed / 4294967296;
+}
+range(min, max) {
+return min + (max - min) * this.next();
+}
+int(max) {
+return Math.floor(this.next() * max);
+}
 }
-
 class World {
-  constructor(size, rng, generate = true) {
-    this.size = size;
-    this.count = size * size;
-    this.rng = rng;
-    this.terrain = new Uint8Array(this.count);
-    this.resource = new Float32Array(this.count);
-    this.regen = new Float32Array(this.count);
-    this.move = new Float32Array(this.count);
-    this.fertility = new Float32Array(this.count);
-    this.mineral = new Float32Array(this.count);
-    this.temperature = new Float32Array(this.count);
-    this.humidity = new Float32Array(this.count);
-    this.pheromone = new Float32Array(this.count);
-    this.tradeRoute = new Uint8Array(this.count);
-    this.farmland = new Float32Array(this.count);
-    this.cityPull = new Float32Array(this.count);
-    this.city = new Int32Array(this.count);
-    this.pressure = new Float32Array(this.count);
-    this.dominantEthnicity = new Int32Array(this.count);
-    this.cultureDiversity = new Float32Array(this.count);
-    this.city.fill(-1);
-    this.dominantEthnicity.fill(-1);
-    if (generate) this.generate();
-  }
-
-  static blank(size, rng) {
-    return new World(size, rng, false);
-  }
-
-  idx(x, y) {
-    return y * this.size + x;
-  }
-
-  generate() {
-    const s = this.size;
-    const centers = Array.from({ length: 18 }, () => ({
-      x: this.rng.range(0, s),
-      y: this.rng.range(0, s),
-      kind: this.rng.next()
-    }));
-    const height = new Float32Array(this.count);
-    const moistureMap = new Float32Array(this.count);
-    const mineralMap = new Float32Array(this.count);
-
-    for (let y = 0; y < s; y++) {
-      for (let x = 0; x < s; x++) {
-        const i = this.idx(x, y);
-        const nx = x / s - 0.5;
-        const ny = y / s - 0.5;
-        const latitude = Math.abs(ny) * 0.18;
-        let elevation = 0.48 - Math.hypot(nx, ny) * 0.62 + this.smoothNoise(x, y, 58) * 0.42 + this.smoothNoise(x + 900, y - 300, 31) * 0.12;
-        let moisture = this.smoothNoise(x + 500, y - 330, 54) * 0.68 + this.smoothNoise(x, y, 24) * 0.24 - latitude;
-        let minerals = this.smoothNoise(x - 290, y + 120, 20);
-
-        for (const c of centers) {
-          const d = Math.hypot(x - c.x, y - c.y) / s;
-          if (c.kind < 0.3) elevation += Math.max(0, 0.24 - d) * 0.85;
-          if (c.kind > 0.72) moisture += Math.max(0, 0.22 - d) * 1.0;
-        }
-        height[i] = elevation;
-        moistureMap[i] = moisture;
-        mineralMap[i] = minerals;
-      }
-    }
-
-    this.smoothField(height, 2);
-    this.smoothField(moistureMap, 1);
-    const seaLevel = this.percentile(height, 0.34);
-
-    for (let y = 0; y < s; y++) {
-      for (let x = 0; x < s; x++) {
-        const i = this.idx(x, y);
-        const latitude = Math.abs((y / (s - 1)) * 2 - 1);
-        const altitudeCooling = clamp((height[i] - seaLevel) * 0.25, 0, 0.18);
-        this.temperature[i] = clamp(1 - latitude * 0.92 - altitudeCooling + this.smoothNoise(x + 1700, y - 80, 70) * 0.08, 0, 1);
-        this.terrain[i] = height[i] < seaLevel ? Terrain.WATER : Terrain.PLAINS;
-      }
-    }
-
-    this.computeHumidityFromWater(moistureMap);
-
-    for (let i = 0; i < this.count; i++) {
-      const elevation = height[i];
-      const minerals = mineralMap[i];
-      const temp = this.temperature[i];
-      const humid = this.humidity[i];
-      let t = this.terrain[i];
-      if (t !== Terrain.WATER) {
-        if (elevation > seaLevel + 0.42) t = minerals > 0.56 ? Terrain.MINERAL : Terrain.MOUNTAIN;
-        else if (humid < 0.15 && temp > 0.58) t = Terrain.DESERT;
-        else if (humid > 0.72 && temp > 0.25 && temp < 0.88) t = Terrain.FERTILE;
-        else if (humid > 0.5 && temp > 0.18) t = Terrain.FOREST;
-        else t = Terrain.PLAINS;
-      }
-
-      const info = terrainInfo[t];
-      this.terrain[i] = t;
-      this.fertility[i] = clamp(info.fertility + humid * 0.16 - Math.abs(temp - 0.58) * 0.08 + this.rng.range(-0.03, 0.03), 0, 1);
-      this.mineral[i] = clamp(info.mineral + minerals * 0.16, 0, 1);
-      this.regen[i] = info.regen * (0.7 + this.fertility[i]);
-      this.move[i] = info.move;
-      this.resource[i] = this.terrain[i] === Terrain.WATER ? 0 : this.rng.range(4, 18) * (0.5 + this.fertility[i] + this.mineral[i] * 0.35);
-    }
-    this.smoothTerrainTypes(2);
-    this.ensureDesertPatches();
-    this.enrichWaterMargins();
-  }
-
-  enrichWaterMargins() {
-    const s = this.size;
-    const nextFertility = new Float32Array(this.fertility);
-    for (let y = 0; y < s; y++) {
-      for (let x = 0; x < s; x++) {
-        const i = this.idx(x, y);
-        if (this.terrain[i] === Terrain.WATER) continue;
-        let waterScore = 0;
-        for (let dy = -3; dy <= 3; dy++) {
-          for (let dx = -3; dx <= 3; dx++) {
-            const d = Math.abs(dx) + Math.abs(dy);
-            if (!d || d > 3) continue;
-            const tx = x + dx;
-            const ty = y + dy;
-            if (tx < 0 || ty < 0 || tx >= s || ty >= s) continue;
-            if (this.terrain[this.idx(tx, ty)] === Terrain.WATER) waterScore += (4 - d) / 4;
-          }
-        }
-        if (waterScore <= 0) continue;
-        const boost = Math.min(0.32, waterScore * 0.08);
-        nextFertility[i] = clamp(this.fertility[i] + boost, 0, 1);
-        if (this.terrain[i] === Terrain.DESERT && waterScore > 1.2) this.terrain[i] = Terrain.PLAINS;
-        if ((this.terrain[i] === Terrain.PLAINS || this.terrain[i] === Terrain.FOREST) && nextFertility[i] > 0.82) this.terrain[i] = Terrain.FERTILE;
-      }
-    }
-
-    for (let i = 0; i < this.count; i++) {
-      const info = terrainInfo[this.terrain[i]];
-      this.fertility[i] = nextFertility[i];
-      this.regen[i] = info.regen * (0.7 + this.fertility[i]);
-      this.move[i] = info.move;
-      if (this.terrain[i] === Terrain.WATER) {
-        this.resource[i] = 0;
-      } else {
-        this.resource[i] = Math.max(this.resource[i], this.rng.range(5, 20) * (0.45 + this.fertility[i] + this.mineral[i] * 0.25));
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  smoothNoise(x, y, scale) {
-    const x0 = Math.floor(x / scale);
-    const y0 = Math.floor(y / scale);
-    const fx = smoothstep((x / scale) - x0);
-    const fy = smoothstep((y / scale) - y0);
-    const a = this.gridNoise(x0, y0);
-    const b = this.gridNoise(x0 + 1, y0);
-    const c = this.gridNoise(x0, y0 + 1);
-    const d = this.gridNoise(x0 + 1, y0 + 1);
-    return lerp(lerp(a, b, fx), lerp(c, d, fx), fy);
-  }
-
-  gridNoise(x, y) {
-    const v = Math.sin(x * 127.1 + y * 311.7 + this.rng.seed * 0.000001) * 43758.5453123;
-    return v - Math.floor(v);
-  }
-
-  computeHumidityFromWater(moistureMap) {
-    const s = this.size;
-    const radius = 10;
-    for (let y = 0; y < s; y++) {
-      for (let x = 0; x < s; x++) {
-        const i = this.idx(x, y);
-        if (this.terrain[i] === Terrain.WATER) {
-          this.humidity[i] = 1;
-          continue;
-        }
-        let best = 0;
-        for (let dy = -radius; dy <= radius; dy++) {
-          for (let dx = -radius; dx <= radius; dx++) {
-            const d = Math.abs(dx) + Math.abs(dy);
-            if (!d || d > radius) continue;
-            const tx = x + dx;
-            const ty = y + dy;
-            if (tx < 0 || ty < 0 || tx >= s || ty >= s) continue;
-            if (this.terrain[this.idx(tx, ty)] === Terrain.WATER) best = Math.max(best, 1 - d / (radius + 1));
-          }
-        }
-        this.humidity[i] = clamp(best * 0.78 + moistureMap[i] * 0.22, 0, 1);
-      }
-    }
-    this.smoothField(this.humidity, 1);
-  }
-
-  smoothTerrainTypes(passes) {
-    const s = this.size;
-    let source = new Uint8Array(this.terrain);
-    let target = new Uint8Array(this.terrain.length);
-    for (let pass = 0; pass < passes; pass++) {
-      for (let y = 0; y < s; y++) {
-        for (let x = 0; x < s; x++) {
-          const counts = new Uint8Array(terrainInfo.length);
-          for (let dy = -1; dy <= 1; dy++) {
-            for (let dx = -1; dx <= 1; dx++) {
-              const tx = x + dx;
-              const ty = y + dy;
-              if (tx < 0 || ty < 0 || tx >= s || ty >= s) continue;
-              counts[source[this.idx(tx, ty)]]++;
-            }
-          }
-          let bestTerrain = source[this.idx(x, y)];
-          let bestCount = counts[bestTerrain];
-          for (let t = 0; t < counts.length; t++) {
-            if (counts[t] > bestCount) {
-              bestTerrain = t;
-              bestCount = counts[t];
-            }
-          }
-          target[this.idx(x, y)] = bestCount >= 4 ? bestTerrain : source[this.idx(x, y)];
-        }
-      }
-      const swap = source;
-      source = target;
-      target = swap;
-    }
-    this.terrain.set(source);
-  }
-
-  ensureDesertPatches() {
-    const candidates = [];
-    let desertCount = 0;
-    for (let i = 0; i < this.count; i++) {
-      if (this.terrain[i] === Terrain.DESERT) desertCount++;
-      if (this.terrain[i] !== Terrain.WATER && this.temperature[i] > 0.55 && this.humidity[i] < 0.28) {
-        candidates.push(i);
-      }
-    }
-    const target = Math.max(12, Math.floor(this.count * 0.012));
-    if (desertCount >= target || !candidates.length) return;
-    candidates.sort((a, b) => {
-      const dryA = this.temperature[a] * (1 - this.humidity[a]);
-      const dryB = this.temperature[b] * (1 - this.humidity[b]);
-      return dryB - dryA;
-    });
-    const needed = Math.min(target - desertCount, candidates.length);
-    for (let n = 0; n < needed; n++) {
-      const center = candidates[n];
-      const cx = center % this.size;
-      const cy = Math.floor(center / this.size);
-      for (let dy = -2; dy <= 2; dy++) {
-        for (let dx = -2; dx <= 2; dx++) {
-          if (Math.abs(dx) + Math.abs(dy) > 2) continue;
-          const x = cx + dx;
-          const y = cy + dy;
-          if (x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= this.size || y >= this.size) continue;
-          const i = this.idx(x, y);
-          if (this.terrain[i] !== Terrain.WATER && this.temperature[i] > 0.5 && this.humidity[i] < 0.34) {
-            this.terrain[i] = Terrain.DESERT;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  smoothField(field, passes) {
-    const s = this.size;
-    let source = field;
-    let target = new Float32Array(field.length);
-    for (let pass = 0; pass < passes; pass++) {
-      for (let y = 0; y < s; y++) {
-        for (let x = 0; x < s; x++) {
-          let sum = 0;
-          let count = 0;
-          for (let dy = -1; dy <= 1; dy++) {
-            for (let dx = -1; dx <= 1; dx++) {
-              const tx = x + dx;
-              const ty = y + dy;
-              if (tx < 0 || ty < 0 || tx >= s || ty >= s) continue;
-              sum += source[this.idx(tx, ty)];
-              count++;
-            }
-          }
-          target[this.idx(x, y)] = sum / count;
-        }
-      }
-      const nextSource = target;
-      target = source === field ? new Float32Array(field.length) : field;
-      source = nextSource;
-    }
-    if (source !== field) field.set(source);
-  }
-
-  percentile(field, ratio) {
-    const values = Array.from(field).sort((a, b) => a - b);
-    return values[Math.floor(clamp(ratio, 0, 1) * (values.length - 1))];
-  }
+constructor(size, rng, generate = true) {
+this.size = size;
+this.count = size * size;
+this.rng = rng;
+this.terrain = new Uint8Array(this.count);
+this.resource = new Float32Array(this.count);
+this.regen = new Float32Array(this.count);
+this.move = new Float32Array(this.count);
+this.fertility = new Float32Array(this.count);
+this.mineral = new Float32Array(this.count);
+this.temperature = new Float32Array(this.count);
+this.humidity = new Float32Array(this.count);
+this.pheromone = new Float32Array(this.count);
+this.tradeRoute = new Uint8Array(this.count);
+this.farmland = new Float32Array(this.count);
+this.cityPull = new Float32Array(this.count);
+this.city = new Int32Array(this.count);
+this.pressure = new Float32Array(this.count);
+this.dominantEthnicity = new Int32Array(this.count);
+this.cultureDiversity = new Float32Array(this.count);
+this.city.fill(-1);
+this.dominantEthnicity.fill(-1);
+if (generate) this.generate();
+}
+static blank(size, rng) {
+return new World(size, rng, false);
+}
+idx(x, y) {
+return y * this.size + x;
+}
+generate() {
+const s = this.size;
+const centers = Array.from({ length: 18 }, () => ({
+x: this.rng.range(0, s),
+y: this.rng.range(0, s),
+kind: this.rng.next()
+}));
+const height = new Float32Array(this.count);
+const moistureMap = new Float32Array(this.count);
+const mineralMap = new Float32Array(this.count);
+for (let y = 0; y < s; y++) {
+for (let x = 0; x < s; x++) {
+const i = this.idx(x, y);
+const nx = x / s - 0.5;
+const ny = y / s - 0.5;
+const latitude = Math.abs(ny) * 0.18;
+let elevation = 0.48 - Math.hypot(nx, ny) * 0.62 + this.smoothNoise(x, y, 58) * 0.42 + this.smoothNoise(x + 900, y - 300, 31) * 0.12;
+let moisture = this.smoothNoise(x + 500, y - 330, 54) * 0.68 + this.smoothNoise(x, y, 24) * 0.24 - latitude;
+let minerals = this.smoothNoise(x - 290, y + 120, 20);
+for (const c of centers) {
+const d = Math.hypot(x - c.x, y - c.y) / s;
+if (c.kind < 0.3) elevation += Math.max(0, 0.24 - d) * 0.85;
+if (c.kind > 0.72) moisture += Math.max(0, 0.22 - d) * 1.0;
+}
+height[i] = elevation;
+moistureMap[i] = moisture;
+mineralMap[i] = minerals;
+}
+}
+this.smoothField(height, 2);
+this.smoothField(moistureMap, 1);
+const seaLevel = this.percentile(height, 0.34);
+for (let y = 0; y < s; y++) {
+for (let x = 0; x < s; x++) {
+const i = this.idx(x, y);
+const latitude = Math.abs((y / (s - 1)) * 2 - 1);
+const altitudeCooling = clamp((height[i] - seaLevel) * 0.25, 0, 0.18);
+this.temperature[i] = clamp(1 - latitude * 0.92 - altitudeCooling + this.smoothNoise(x + 1700, y - 80, 70) * 0.08, 0, 1);
+this.terrain[i] = height[i] < seaLevel ? Terrain.WATER : Terrain.PLAINS;
+}
+}
+this.computeHumidityFromWater(moistureMap);
+for (let i = 0; i < this.count; i++) {
+const elevation = height[i];
+const minerals = mineralMap[i];
+const temp = this.temperature[i];
+const humid = this.humidity[i];
+let t = this.terrain[i];
+if (t !== Terrain.WATER) {
+if (elevation > seaLevel + 0.42) t = minerals > 0.56 ? Terrain.MINERAL : Terrain.MOUNTAIN;
+else if (humid < 0.15 && temp > 0.58) t = Terrain.DESERT;
+else if (humid > 0.72 && temp > 0.25 && temp < 0.88) t = Terrain.FERTILE;
+else if (humid > 0.5 && temp > 0.18) t = Terrain.FOREST;
+else t = Terrain.PLAINS;
+}
+const info = terrainInfo[t];
+this.terrain[i] = t;
+this.fertility[i] = clamp(info.fertility + humid * 0.16 - Math.abs(temp - 0.58) * 0.08 + this.rng.range(-0.03, 0.03), 0, 1);
+this.mineral[i] = clamp(info.mineral + minerals * 0.16, 0, 1);
+this.regen[i] = info.regen * (0.7 + this.fertility[i]);
+this.move[i] = info.move;
+this.resource[i] = this.terrain[i] === Terrain.WATER ? 0 : this.rng.range(4, 18) * (0.5 + this.fertility[i] + this.mineral[i] * 0.35);
+}
+this.smoothTerrainTypes(2);
+this.ensureDesertPatches();
+this.enrichWaterMargins();
+}
+enrichWaterMargins() {
+const s = this.size;
+const nextFertility = new Float32Array(this.fertility);
+for (let y = 0; y < s; y++) {
+for (let x = 0; x < s; x++) {
+const i = this.idx(x, y);
+if (this.terrain[i] === Terrain.WATER) continue;
+let waterScore = 0;
+for (let dy = -3; dy <= 3; dy++) {
+for (let dx = -3; dx <= 3; dx++) {
+const d = Math.abs(dx) + Math.abs(dy);
+if (!d || d > 3) continue;
+const tx = x + dx;
+const ty = y + dy;
+if (tx < 0 || ty < 0 || tx >= s || ty >= s) continue;
+if (this.terrain[this.idx(tx, ty)] === Terrain.WATER) waterScore += (4 - d) / 4;
+}
+}
+if (waterScore <= 0) continue;
+const boost = Math.min(0.32, waterScore * 0.08);
+nextFertility[i] = clamp(this.fertility[i] + boost, 0, 1);
+if (this.terrain[i] === Terrain.DESERT && waterScore > 1.2) this.terrain[i] = Terrain.PLAINS;
+if ((this.terrain[i] === Terrain.PLAINS || this.terrain[i] === Terrain.FOREST) && nextFertility[i] > 0.82) this.terrain[i] = Terrain.FERTILE;
+}
+}
+for (let i = 0; i < this.count; i++) {
+const info = terrainInfo[this.terrain[i]];
+this.fertility[i] = nextFertility[i];
+this.regen[i] = info.regen * (0.7 + this.fertility[i]);
+this.move[i] = info.move;
+if (this.terrain[i] === Terrain.WATER) {
+this.resource[i] = 0;
+} else {
+this.resource[i] = Math.max(this.resource[i], this.rng.range(5, 20) * (0.45 + this.fertility[i] + this.mineral[i] * 0.25));
+}
+}
+}
+smoothNoise(x, y, scale) {
+const x0 = Math.floor(x / scale);
+const y0 = Math.floor(y / scale);
+const fx = smoothstep((x / scale) - x0);
+const fy = smoothstep((y / scale) - y0);
+const a = this.gridNoise(x0, y0);
+const b = this.gridNoise(x0 + 1, y0);
+const c = this.gridNoise(x0, y0 + 1);
+const d = this.gridNoise(x0 + 1, y0 + 1);
+return lerp(lerp(a, b, fx), lerp(c, d, fx), fy);
+}
+gridNoise(x, y) {
+const v = Math.sin(x * 127.1 + y * 311.7 + this.rng.seed * 0.000001) * 43758.5453123;
+return v - Math.floor(v);
+}
+computeHumidityFromWater(moistureMap) {
+const s = this.size;
+const radius = 10;
+for (let y = 0; y < s; y++) {
+for (let x = 0; x < s; x++) {
+const i = this.idx(x, y);
+if (this.terrain[i] === Terrain.WATER) {
+this.humidity[i] = 1;
+continue;
+}
+let best = 0;
+for (let dy = -radius; dy <= radius; dy++) {
+for (let dx = -radius; dx <= radius; dx++) {
+const d = Math.abs(dx) + Math.abs(dy);
+if (!d || d > radius) continue;
+const tx = x + dx;
+const ty = y + dy;
+if (tx < 0 || ty < 0 || tx >= s || ty >= s) continue;
+if (this.terrain[this.idx(tx, ty)] === Terrain.WATER) best = Math.max(best, 1 - d / (radius + 1));
+}
+}
+this.humidity[i] = clamp(best * 0.78 + moistureMap[i] * 0.22, 0, 1);
+}
+}
+this.smoothField(this.humidity, 1);
+}
+smoothTerrainTypes(passes) {
+const s = this.size;
+let source = new Uint8Array(this.terrain);
+let target = new Uint8Array(this.terrain.length);
+for (let pass = 0; pass < passes; pass++) {
+for (let y = 0; y < s; y++) {
+for (let x = 0; x < s; x++) {
+const counts = new Uint8Array(terrainInfo.length);
+for (let dy = -1; dy <= 1; dy++) {
+for (let dx = -1; dx <= 1; dx++) {
+const tx = x + dx;
+const ty = y + dy;
+if (tx < 0 || ty < 0 || tx >= s || ty >= s) continue;
+counts[source[this.idx(tx, ty)]]++;
+}
+}
+let bestTerrain = source[this.idx(x, y)];
+let bestCount = counts[bestTerrain];
+for (let t = 0; t < counts.length; t++) {
+if (counts[t] > bestCount) {
+bestTerrain = t;
+bestCount = counts[t];
+}
+}
+target[this.idx(x, y)] = bestCount >= 4 ? bestTerrain : source[this.idx(x, y)];
+}
+}
+const swap = source;
+source = target;
+target = swap;
+}
+this.terrain.set(source);
+}
+ensureDesertPatches() {
+const candidates = [];
+let desertCount = 0;
+for (let i = 0; i < this.count; i++) {
+if (this.terrain[i] === Terrain.DESERT) desertCount++;
+if (this.terrain[i] !== Terrain.WATER && this.temperature[i] > 0.55 && this.humidity[i] < 0.28) {
+candidates.push(i);
+}
+}
+const target = Math.max(12, Math.floor(this.count * 0.012));
+if (desertCount >= target || !candidates.length) return;
+candidates.sort((a, b) => {
+const dryA = this.temperature[a] * (1 - this.humidity[a]);
+const dryB = this.temperature[b] * (1 - this.humidity[b]);
+return dryB - dryA;
+});
+const needed = Math.min(target - desertCount, candidates.length);
+for (let n = 0; n < needed; n++) {
+const center = candidates[n];
+const cx = center % this.size;
+const cy = Math.floor(center / this.size);
+for (let dy = -2; dy <= 2; dy++) {
+for (let dx = -2; dx <= 2; dx++) {
+if (Math.abs(dx) + Math.abs(dy) > 2) continue;
+const x = cx + dx;
+const y = cy + dy;
+if (x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= this.size || y >= this.size) continue;
+const i = this.idx(x, y);
+if (this.terrain[i] !== Terrain.WATER && this.temperature[i] > 0.5 && this.humidity[i] < 0.34) {
+this.terrain[i] = Terrain.DESERT;
+}
+}
+}
+}
+}
+smoothField(field, passes) {
+const s = this.size;
+let source = field;
+let target = new Float32Array(field.length);
+for (let pass = 0; pass < passes; pass++) {
+for (let y = 0; y < s; y++) {
+for (let x = 0; x < s; x++) {
+let sum = 0;
+let count = 0;
+for (let dy = -1; dy <= 1; dy++) {
+for (let dx = -1; dx <= 1; dx++) {
+const tx = x + dx;
+const ty = y + dy;
+if (tx < 0 || ty < 0 || tx >= s || ty >= s) continue;
+sum += source[this.idx(tx, ty)];
+count++;
+}
+}
+target[this.idx(x, y)] = sum / count;
+}
+}
+const nextSource = target;
+target = source === field ? new Float32Array(field.length) : field;
+source = nextSource;
+}
+if (source !== field) field.set(source);
+}
+percentile(field, ratio) {
+const values = Array.from(field).sort((a, b) => a - b);
+return values[Math.floor(clamp(ratio, 0, 1) * (values.length - 1))];
+}
 }
-
 class Simulation {
-  constructor(size, initialAgents, options = {}) {
-    this.rng = new Rng(Date.now());
-    this.world = options.blankWorld ? World.blank(size, this.rng) : new World(size, this.rng);
-    this.agents = [];
-    this.ethnicities = new Map();
-    this.cities = [];
-    this.cityById = new Map();
-    this.cityBuckets = new Map();
-    this.polities = [];
-    this.polityById = new Map();
-    this.wars = [];
-    this.disasters = [];
-    this.disasterHistory = [];
-    this.polityHistory = new Map();
-    this.deadPolityHistories = [];
-    this.tradeLinks = [];
-    this.activeTradeRouteTiles = new Set();
-    this.ethnicDensityCache = new Map();
-    this.dominantEthnicityCache = new Map();
-    this.nextEthnicity = 1;
-    this.nextCity = 1;
-    this.nextPolity = 1;
-    this.nextWar = 1;
-    this.nextDisaster = 1;
-    this.year = 0;
-    this.deaths = 0;
-    this.maxAgents = Math.max(
-      Math.floor(initialAgents * SimConfig.population.maxAgentsScale),
-      SimConfig.population.maxAgentsFloor
-    );
-    this.tileEthnicities = new Map();
-    this.tileAgents = new Map();
-    if (!options.skipSpawn) {
-      this.spawnInitialAgents(initialAgents);
-      this.rebuildOccupancy();
-      this.updateEthnicStats();
-    }
-  }
-
-  spawnInitialAgents(count) {
-    const founders = Math.max(5, Math.min(16, Math.round(count / 180)));
-    const desertFounders = Math.max(2, Math.floor(founders * 0.25));
-    for (let e = 0; e < founders; e++) {
-      const desertFounder = e < desertFounders;
-      const origin = this.findHabitableTile(desertFounder ? Terrain.DESERT : null);
-      const originTile = this.world.idx(origin.x, origin.y);
-      const id = this.createEthnicity(0, {
-        temperature: this.world.temperature[originTile],
-        humidity: this.world.humidity[originTile]
-      });
-      const baseTraits = desertFounder ? this.desertFounderTraits() : this.randomTraits();
-      for (let n = 0; n < Math.floor(count / founders); n++) {
-        const spawn = this.findNearbySpawn(origin.x, origin.y, desertFounder ? Terrain.DESERT : null);
-        this.agents.push(this.makeAgent(
-          spawn.x,
-          spawn.y,
-          id,
-          mutateTraits(baseTraits, this.rng, 0.07),
-          desertFounder ? this.rng.range(18, 32) : this.rng.range(6, 15)
-        ));
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  createEthnicity(parent, climate = null) {
-    const id = this.nextEthnicity++;
-    this.ethnicities.set(id, {
-      id,
-      parent,
-      born: this.year,
-      population: 0,
-      diversity: 0,
-      climateTemp: climate?.temperature ?? 0.55,
-      climateHumidity: climate?.humidity ?? 0.45,
-      color: hslToRgb((id * 0.61803398875) % 1, 0.55, 0.56),
-      centroidX: 0,
-      centroidY: 0
-    });
-    return id;
-  }
-
-  randomTraits() {
-    return {
-      mobility: this.rng.range(0.18, 0.85),
-      resourceAttraction: this.rng.range(0.55, 1),
-      assimilation: this.rng.range(0.03, 0.34),
-      ethnocentrism: this.rng.range(0.12, 0.78),
-      reproductionThreshold: this.rng.range(19, 34),
-      sedentary: this.rng.range(0.08, 0.82)
-    };
-  }
-
-  desertFounderTraits() {
-    const traits = this.randomTraits();
-    traits.mobility = this.rng.range(0.48, 0.9);
-    traits.resourceAttraction = this.rng.range(0.82, 1.12);
-    traits.reproductionThreshold = this.rng.range(24, 38);
-    traits.sedentary = this.rng.range(0.18, 0.58);
-    return traits;
-  }
-
-  makeAgent(x, y, ethnicity, traits, resources) {
-    return {
-      x,
-      y,
-      resources,
-      ethnicity,
-      traits,
-      alive: true,
-      foreignContact: 0,
-      contactEthnicity: ethnicity,
-      settled: 0,
-      movedThisStep: false,
-      tech: {
-        farming: 0,
-        metallurgy: 0
-      },
-      farmingWork: 0,
-      lastFarmTile: -1
-    };
-  }
-
-  findNearbySpawn(originX, originY, preferredTerrain = null) {
-    const w = this.world;
-    let best = { x: originX, y: originY };
-    let bestScore = -Infinity;
-    for (let tries = 0; tries < 24; tries++) {
-      const x = clamp(originX + this.rng.int(9) - 4, 0, w.size - 1);
-      const y = clamp(originY + this.rng.int(9) - 4, 0, w.size - 1);
-      const i = w.idx(x, y);
-      if (w.terrain[i] === Terrain.WATER) continue;
-      const preferred = preferredTerrain !== null && w.terrain[i] === preferredTerrain ? 1.5 : 0;
-      const score = preferred + w.resource[i] * 0.04 + w.fertility[i] * 0.8 + w.mineral[i] * 0.25 - w.move[i] * 0.16;
-      if (score > bestScore) {
-        bestScore = score;
-        best = { x, y };
-      }
-    }
-    return best;
-  }
-
-  findHabitableTile(preferredTerrain = null) {
-    if (preferredTerrain !== null) {
-      const exact = [];
-      let best = null;
-      let bestScore = -Infinity;
-      for (let i = 0; i < this.world.count; i++) {
-        const x = i % this.world.size;
-        const y = Math.floor(i / this.world.size);
-        if (this.world.terrain[i] === preferredTerrain) {
-          exact.push({ x, y });
-          continue;
-        }
-        if (preferredTerrain === Terrain.DESERT && this.world.terrain[i] !== Terrain.WATER) {
-          const score = this.world.temperature[i] * (1 - this.world.humidity[i]);
-          if (score > bestScore) {
-            bestScore = score;
-            best = { x, y };
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      if (exact.length) return exact[this.rng.int(exact.length)];
-      if (best) return best;
-    }
-    for (let tries = 0; tries < 5000; tries++) {
-      const x = this.rng.int(this.world.size);
-      const y = this.rng.int(this.world.size);
-      const i = this.world.idx(x, y);
-      if (this.world.terrain[i] !== Terrain.WATER && this.world.fertility[i] + this.world.mineral[i] > 0.5) {
-        return { x, y };
-      }
-    }
-    return { x: this.world.size >> 1, y: this.world.size >> 1 };
-  }
-
-  step() {
-    for (const city of this.cities) city.activeVisitors = 0;
-    this.rebuildOccupancy();
-    this.ethnicDensityCache.clear();
-
-    const offspring = [];
-    for (const a of this.agents) {
-      if (!a.alive) continue;
-      this.moveAgent(a);
-    }
-    this.rebuildOccupancy();
-    this.dominantEthnicityCache.clear();
-
-    for (const a of this.agents) {
-      if (!a.alive) continue;
-      this.updateAgentTechnology(a);
-      this.gatherConsumeReproduce(a, offspring);
-      if (a.alive) this.payTechnologyCostOrForget(a);
-      if (a.alive && this.shouldRunAgentSocial(a, 2)) this.resolveAssimilation(a);
-    }
-
-    this.agents = this.agents.filter(a => a.alive);
-    const acceptedOffspring = this.agents.length + offspring.length < this.maxAgents
-      ? offspring
-      : offspring.slice(0, Math.max(0, this.maxAgents - this.agents.length));
-    this.agents.push(...acceptedOffspring);
-    for (const child of acceptedOffspring) this.addAgentToOccupancy(child);
-
-    if (this.year % 2 === 0) this.updateWorldFields(2);
-    this.maybeSpawnDisaster();
-    if (this.year % years(1) === 0) {
-      this.updateCities();
-      if (this.year % years(2) === 0) this.updateRegionalCultures();
-    }
-    if (this.year % years(5) === 0) {
-      this.updateTradeRoutes();
-    }
-    this.updatePolities();
-    this.updateEthnicStats();
-    if (this.year % years(45) === 0) {
-      this.splitDivergentEthnicities();
-      this.updateEthnicStats();
-    }
-    this.year++;
-  }
-
-  rebuildOccupancy() {
-    const w = this.world;
-    w.pressure.fill(0);
-    this.tileEthnicities.clear();
-    this.tileAgents.clear();
-    this.rebuildIndexes();
-    for (const a of this.agents) {
-      if (!a.alive) continue;
-      const i = w.idx(a.x, a.y);
-      w.pressure[i]++;
-      let agents = this.tileAgents.get(i);
-      if (!agents) {
-        agents = [];
-        this.tileAgents.set(i, agents);
-      }
-      agents.push(a);
-      let counts = this.tileEthnicities.get(i);
-      if (!counts) {
-        counts = new Map();
-        this.tileEthnicities.set(i, counts);
-      }
-      counts.set(a.ethnicity, (counts.get(a.ethnicity) || 0) + 1);
-    }
-    for (const tile of this.tileEthnicities.keys()) this.updateCultureTile(tile);
-  }
-
-  rebuildIndexes() {
-    this.cityById = new Map(this.cities.map(city => [city.id, city]));
-    this.polityById = new Map(this.polities.map(polity => [polity.id, polity]));
-    this.cityBuckets = new Map();
-    for (const city of this.cities) {
-      const key = this.cityBucketKey(city.x, city.y);
-      let bucket = this.cityBuckets.get(key);
-      if (!bucket) {
-        bucket = [];
-        this.cityBuckets.set(key, bucket);
-      }
-      bucket.push(city);
-    }
-  }
-
-  cityBucketKey(x, y) {
-    return `${Math.floor(x / 8)},${Math.floor(y / 8)}`;
-  }
-
-  getCitiesNear(x, y, radius) {
-    const cities = [];
-    const minBx = Math.floor((x - radius) / 8);
-    const maxBx = Math.floor((x + radius) / 8);
-    const minBy = Math.floor((y - radius) / 8);
-    const maxBy = Math.floor((y + radius) / 8);
-    for (let by = minBy; by <= maxBy; by++) {
-      for (let bx = minBx; bx <= maxBx; bx++) {
-        const bucket = this.cityBuckets.get(`${bx},${by}`);
-        if (!bucket) continue;
-        for (const city of bucket) {
-          if (Math.abs(city.x - x) + Math.abs(city.y - y) <= radius) cities.push(city);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    return cities;
-  }
-
-  updateCultureTile(tile) {
-    const counts = this.tileEthnicities.get(tile);
-    if (!counts || !counts.size) {
-      this.world.cultureDiversity[tile] *= 0.98;
-      return;
-    }
-    let total = 0;
-    let dominant = -1;
-    let dominantCount = 0;
-    for (const [id, count] of counts) {
-      total += count;
-      if (count > dominantCount) {
-        dominant = id;
-        dominantCount = count;
-      }
-    }
-    this.world.dominantEthnicity[tile] = dominant;
-    this.world.cultureDiversity[tile] = total > 0 ? 1 - dominantCount / total : 0;
-  }
-
-  updateRegionalCultures() {
-    const w = this.world;
-    const nextDominant = new Int32Array(w.dominantEthnicity);
-    const nextDiversity = new Float32Array(w.cultureDiversity);
-    const radius = SimConfig.culture.spreadRadius;
-    const cityById = new Map(this.cities.map(city => [city.id, city]));
-
-    for (let y = 0; y < w.size; y++) {
-      for (let x = 0; x < w.size; x++) {
-        const tile = w.idx(x, y);
-        if (w.terrain[tile] === Terrain.WATER) continue;
-        const influence = new Map();
-        let total = 0;
-
-        for (let dy = -radius; dy <= radius; dy++) {
-          for (let dx = -radius; dx <= radius; dx++) {
-            const distance = Math.abs(dx) + Math.abs(dy);
-            if (distance > radius) continue;
-            const tx = x + dx;
-            const ty = y + dy;
-            if (tx < 0 || ty < 0 || tx >= w.size || ty >= w.size) continue;
-            const source = w.idx(tx, ty);
-            const id = w.dominantEthnicity[source];
-            if (id < 0) continue;
-            const pressureWeight = Math.sqrt(Math.max(0, w.pressure[source]));
-            const cityWeight = w.city[source] >= 0
-              ? Math.sqrt(Math.max(1, cityById.get(w.city[source])?.population || 1)) * SimConfig.culture.cityWeight
-              : 0;
-            const routeWeight = w.tradeRoute[source] ? SimConfig.culture.routeWeight : 1;
-            const weight = (pressureWeight + cityWeight) * routeWeight / (1 + distance);
-            if (weight <= 0) continue;
-            influence.set(id, (influence.get(id) || 0) + weight);
-            total += weight;
-          }
-        }
-
-        let bestId = nextDominant[tile];
-        let bestWeight = 0;
-        for (const [id, weight] of influence) {
-          if (weight > bestWeight) {
-            bestId = id;
-            bestWeight = weight;
-          }
-        }
-        if (bestWeight >= SimConfig.culture.minimumInfluence) {
-          nextDominant[tile] = bestId;
-          nextDiversity[tile] = total > 0 ? clamp(1 - bestWeight / total, 0, 1) : 0;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    w.dominantEthnicity.set(nextDominant);
-    w.cultureDiversity.set(nextDiversity);
-  }
-
-  addAgentToOccupancy(a) {
-    if (!a.alive) return;
-    const w = this.world;
-    const i = w.idx(a.x, a.y);
-    w.pressure[i]++;
-    let agents = this.tileAgents.get(i);
-    if (!agents) {
-      agents = [];
-      this.tileAgents.set(i, agents);
-    }
-    agents.push(a);
-    let counts = this.tileEthnicities.get(i);
-    if (!counts) {
-      counts = new Map();
-      this.tileEthnicities.set(i, counts);
-    }
-    counts.set(a.ethnicity, (counts.get(a.ethnicity) || 0) + 1);
-    this.updateCultureTile(i);
-  }
-
-  removeAgentFromOccupancy(a) {
-    const w = this.world;
-    const i = w.idx(a.x, a.y);
-    w.pressure[i] = Math.max(0, w.pressure[i] - 1);
-    const agents = this.tileAgents.get(i);
-    if (agents) {
-      const index = agents.indexOf(a);
-      if (index >= 0) agents.splice(index, 1);
-      if (!agents.length) this.tileAgents.delete(i);
-    }
-    const counts = this.tileEthnicities.get(i);
-    if (counts) {
-      const next = (counts.get(a.ethnicity) || 0) - 1;
-      if (next > 0) counts.set(a.ethnicity, next);
-      else counts.delete(a.ethnicity);
-      if (!counts.size) this.tileEthnicities.delete(i);
-    }
-    this.updateCultureTile(i);
-  }
-
-  changeAgentEthnicity(a, nextEthnicity) {
-    if (a.ethnicity === nextEthnicity) return;
-    const w = this.world;
-    const i = w.idx(a.x, a.y);
-    const counts = this.tileEthnicities.get(i);
-    if (counts) {
-      const prev = (counts.get(a.ethnicity) || 0) - 1;
-      if (prev > 0) counts.set(a.ethnicity, prev);
-      else counts.delete(a.ethnicity);
-      counts.set(nextEthnicity, (counts.get(nextEthnicity) || 0) + 1);
-    }
-    a.ethnicity = nextEthnicity;
-    this.updateCultureTile(i);
-  }
-
-  moveAgent(a) {
-    const w = this.world;
-    const s = w.size;
-    const current = w.idx(a.x, a.y);
-    const localPressure = w.pressure[current];
-    let bestX = a.x;
-    let bestY = a.y;
-    let bestScore = -Infinity;
-    const sedentary = getSedentary(a.traits);
-    const ethnocentrism = getEthnocentrism(a.traits);
-    const ethnicClimate = this.ethnicities.get(a.ethnicity);
-    const waterAdaptation = ethnicClimate?.climateHumidity ?? 0.45;
-    const localCapacity = this.carryingCapacityAt(current);
-    const localOverCapacity = Math.max(0, localPressure - localCapacity);
-    if (localOverCapacity <= 0.5 && localPressure < 7 && this.rng.next() < sedentary * 0.58) {
-      a.settled++;
-      a.movedThisStep = false;
-      return;
-    }
-    const radius = a.traits.mobility > 0.62 && sedentary < 0.52 && this.rng.next() < 0.16 ? 2 : 1;
-
-    for (let dy = -radius; dy <= radius; dy++) {
-      for (let dx = -radius; dx <= radius; dx++) {
-        const x = clamp(a.x + dx, 0, s - 1);
-        const y = clamp(a.y + dy, 0, s - 1);
-        const i = w.idx(x, y);
-        const isWater = w.terrain[i] === Terrain.WATER;
-        const canSail = waterAdaptation >= 0.82 && a.traits.mobility > 0.45;
-        const waterAccess = canSail ? 0.82 + (w.tradeRoute[i] ? 0.08 : 0) : waterAdaptation * 0.18 + a.traits.mobility * 0.04 + (w.tradeRoute[i] ? 0.08 : 0);
-        if (isWater && this.rng.next() > waterAccess) continue;
-
-        const ethnicDensity = ethnocentrism > 0.04
-          ? this.ethnicDensityNear(x, y, a.ethnicity)
-          : { same: 0, foreign: 0 };
-        const cityPull = w.city[i] >= 0 ? 1.45 : w.cityPull[i];
-        const routePull = (w.tradeRoute[i] ? 1.35 : clamp(w.pheromone[i] / 8, 0, 1)) * sedentary;
-        const resourceScore = w.resource[i] * 0.12 + w.fertility[i] * 1.2 + w.mineral[i] * 0.42 + (isWater ? waterAdaptation * 0.35 : 0);
-        const destinationCapacity = this.carryingCapacityAt(i);
-        const destinationOverCapacity = Math.max(0, w.pressure[i] - destinationCapacity);
-        const capacitySpace = clamp((destinationCapacity - w.pressure[i]) / Math.max(1, destinationCapacity), -1, 1);
-        const crowdPenalty = destinationOverCapacity * (0.42 + a.traits.mobility * 0.85);
-        const routeBonus = w.tradeRoute[i] ? 1.25 : 0;
-        const waterPenalty = isWater ? (canSail ? 0.22 : 2.45 - waterAdaptation * 0.9) : 0;
-        const terrainPenalty = w.move[i] * (0.8 - a.traits.mobility * 0.35) + waterPenalty - routeBonus;
-        const inertia = dx === 0 && dy === 0 ? sedentary * 3.2 : 0;
-        const pressurePush = localOverCapacity > 0 ? a.traits.mobility * (1.2 + localOverCapacity * 0.18 - sedentary * 0.45) : 0;
-        const capacityPull = capacitySpace * (0.72 + a.traits.mobility * 0.45);
-
-        const score =
-          resourceScore * a.traits.resourceAttraction +
-          w.pheromone[i] * 0.021 +
-          ethnicDensity.same * ethnocentrism +
-          cityPull * sedentary +
-          routePull +
-          capacityPull +
-          inertia -
-          terrainPenalty -
-          crowdPenalty +
-          pressurePush -
-          ethnicDensity.foreign * ethnocentrism * 0.72 +
-          this.rng.range(-0.55, 0.55);
-
-        if (score > bestScore) {
-          bestScore = score;
-          bestX = x;
-          bestY = y;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    const from = w.idx(a.x, a.y);
-    a.x = bestX;
-    a.y = bestY;
-    const to = w.idx(a.x, a.y);
-    if (from !== to) {
-      a.movedThisStep = true;
-      a.farmingWork = 0;
-      a.lastFarmTile = to;
-      const depositScale = w.terrain[to] === Terrain.WATER ? 0.35 : 1;
-      w.pheromone[from] += (w.tradeRoute[from] ? 0.14 : 0.42) * depositScale;
-      w.pheromone[to] += (w.tradeRoute[to] ? 0.10 : 0.30) * depositScale;
-      a.settled = Math.max(0, a.settled - 1);
-    } else {
-      a.movedThisStep = false;
-      a.settled++;
-    }
-  }
-
-  ensureAgentTech(a) {
-    a.tech ??= { farming: 0, metallurgy: 0 };
-    a.tech.farming ??= 0;
-    a.tech.metallurgy ??= 0;
-    a.tech.farming = clamp(a.tech.farming, 0, 1);
-    a.tech.metallurgy = clamp(a.tech.metallurgy, 0, 1);
-    a.farmingWork ??= 0;
-    a.lastFarmTile ??= -1;
-    a.movedThisStep ??= false;
-  }
-
-  farmabilityAt(tile) {
-    const t = this.world.terrain[tile];
-    if (t === Terrain.FERTILE) return 1.0;
-    if (t === Terrain.PLAINS) return 0.75;
-    if (t === Terrain.FOREST) return 0.55;
-    if (t === Terrain.DESERT) return 0.25;
-    return 0.0;
-  }
-
-  carryingCapacityAt(tile) {
-    const w = this.world;
-    if (w.terrain[tile] === Terrain.WATER) return 1.2;
-    return SimConfig.population.carryingCapacityBase +
-      w.fertility[tile] * SimConfig.population.carryingCapacityFertility +
-      w.mineral[tile] * SimConfig.population.carryingCapacityMineral +
-      w.farmland[tile] * SimConfig.population.carryingCapacityFarmland +
-      (w.city[tile] >= 0 ? 3.5 : 0);
-  }
-
-  updateAgentTechnology(agent, payMaintenance = false) {
-    if (!agent.alive) return;
-    this.ensureAgentTech(agent);
-    this.updateFarmingWork(agent);
-    this.tryInventTechnology(agent);
-    this.learnTechnologyFromCity(agent);
-    if (this.shouldRunAgentSocial(agent, 3)) {
-      this.spreadTechnology(agent);
-      this.improveTechnologyFromDensity(agent);
-    }
-    if (payMaintenance) this.payTechnologyCostOrForget(agent);
-  }
-
-  shouldRunAgentSocial(agent, interval) {
-    return ((agent.x * 31 + agent.y * 17 + this.year) % interval) === 0;
-  }
-
-  updateFarmingWork(agent) {
-    const w = this.world;
-    const tile = w.idx(agent.x, agent.y);
-    if (agent.lastFarmTile !== tile) {
-      agent.farmingWork = 0;
-      agent.lastFarmTile = tile;
-    }
-    if (agent.movedThisStep) return;
-
-    const farming = agent.tech?.farming || 0;
-    if (farming <= 0.02) return;
-    if (agent.settled > 0) {
-      agent.farmingWork = clamp((agent.farmingWork || 0) + farming * 0.015, 0, 1);
-      agent.tech.farming = clamp(agent.tech.farming + farming * this.farmabilityAt(tile) * 0.00018, 0, 1);
-    }
-  }
-
-  tryInventTechnology(agent) {
-    const w = this.world;
-    const tile = w.idx(agent.x, agent.y);
-    const settledFactor = clamp((agent.settled || 0) / 12, 0, 1);
-
-    if ((agent.tech?.farming || 0) <= 0.02) {
-      const farmingBase = 0.00016;
-      const farmability = this.farmabilityAt(tile);
-      const sedentary = getSedentary(agent.traits);
-      const farmingChance =
-        farmingBase *
-        (0.25 + farmability) *
-        (0.4 + sedentary) *
-        (0.3 + settledFactor);
-      if (this.rng.next() < farmingChance) this.grantTechnologyAround(agent, "farming", 0.32);
-    }
-
-    if ((agent.tech?.metallurgy || 0) <= 0.02) {
-      const metallurgyBase = 0.00011;
-      const mineral = clamp(w.mineral[tile], 0, 1);
-      const mineralTerrainBonus =
-        w.terrain[tile] === Terrain.MINERAL || w.terrain[tile] === Terrain.MOUNTAIN
-          ? 1.8
-          : 1.0;
-      const metallurgyChance =
-        metallurgyBase *
-        (0.2 + mineral) *
-        mineralTerrainBonus *
-        (0.5 + settledFactor);
-      if (this.rng.next() < metallurgyChance) this.grantTechnologyAround(agent, "metallurgy", 0.28);
-    }
-  }
-
-  grantTechnologyAround(agent, techName, amount) {
-    this.ensureAgentTech(agent);
-    this.forEachLocalAgentNear(agent.x, agent.y, 2, other => {
-      if (!other.alive) return true;
-      this.ensureAgentTech(other);
-      const distance = Math.abs(agent.x - other.x) + Math.abs(agent.y - other.y);
-      if (distance > 2) return true;
-      const gain = amount * (other === agent ? 1 : 0.55);
-      other.tech[techName] = clamp(Math.max(other.tech[techName] || 0, gain), 0, 1);
-      return true;
-    });
-  }
-
-  payTechnologyCostOrForget(agent) {
-    if (!agent.alive) return;
-    this.ensureAgentTech(agent);
-    const farming = agent.tech.farming || 0;
-    const metallurgy = agent.tech.metallurgy || 0;
-    const cost = farming * 0.004 + metallurgy * 0.010;
-    if (cost <= 0) return;
-
-    if (agent.resources >= cost) {
-      agent.resources -= cost;
-      return;
-    }
-
-    const shortage = cost - Math.max(0, agent.resources);
-    agent.resources = Math.max(0, agent.resources - cost);
-    const decay = clamp(0.006 + shortage * 0.025, 0.006, 0.06);
-    agent.tech.farming = Math.max(0, farming - decay);
-    agent.tech.metallurgy = Math.max(0, metallurgy - decay * 1.15);
-    if (agent.tech.farming < 0.02) agent.tech.farming = 0;
-    if (agent.tech.metallurgy < 0.02) agent.tech.metallurgy = 0;
-    if (agent.tech.farming <= 0) agent.farmingWork = 0;
-  }
-
-  spreadTechnology(agent) {
-    const w = this.world;
-    const tile = w.idx(agent.x, agent.y);
-    const assimilation = agent.traits.assimilation || 0;
-    const ethnocentrism = agent.traits.ethnocentrism || 0;
-    let checked = 0;
-
-    this.forEachLocalAgentNear(agent.x, agent.y, 1, other => {
-      if (other === agent || !other.alive) return true;
-      if (Math.abs(agent.x - other.x) + Math.abs(agent.y - other.y) > 1) return true;
-      if (++checked > 12) return false;
-      this.ensureAgentTech(other);
-      const sameEthnicity = agent.ethnicity === other.ethnicity;
-      let chance =
-        0.0035 +
-        assimilation * 0.006 -
-        ethnocentrism * 0.0012;
-
-      if (sameEthnicity) chance += 0.004;
-      if (w.tradeRoute[tile]) chance += 0.006;
-      if (w.city[tile] >= 0) chance += 0.003;
-      chance = clamp(chance, 0.0008, 0.028);
-
-      this.learnTechnologyFrom(agent, other, "farming", chance);
-      this.learnTechnologyFrom(agent, other, "metallurgy", chance);
-      return true;
-    });
-  }
-
-  learnTechnologyFrom(agent, other, techName, chance) {
-    const current = agent.tech[techName] || 0;
-    const otherLevel = other.tech?.[techName] || 0;
-    if (otherLevel > current + 0.04 && this.rng.next() < chance) {
-      agent.tech[techName] = clamp(current + (otherLevel - current) * 0.14, 0, 1);
-    }
-  }
-
-  learnTechnologyFromCity(agent) {
-    const tile = this.world.idx(agent.x, agent.y);
-    const city = this.world.city[tile] >= 0 ? this.getCityById(this.world.city[tile]) : null;
-    if (!city?.knowledge) return;
-    const routeBonus = this.world.tradeRoute[tile] ? SimConfig.technology.tradeDiffusion : 0;
-    const chance = SimConfig.technology.cityDiffusion + routeBonus + clamp(city.population / 1200, 0, 0.006);
-    if (this.rng.next() < chance) {
-      agent.tech.farming = clamp(Math.max(agent.tech.farming, city.knowledge.farming * 0.72), 0, 1);
-      agent.tech.metallurgy = clamp(Math.max(agent.tech.metallurgy, city.knowledge.metallurgy * 0.68), 0, 1);
-    }
-  }
-
-  improveTechnologyFromDensity(agent) {
-    let farmingCount = 0;
-    let metallurgyCount = 0;
-    let farmingSum = 0;
-    let metallurgySum = 0;
-
-    this.forEachLocalAgentNear(agent.x, agent.y, 2, other => {
-      if (!other.alive) return true;
-      this.ensureAgentTech(other);
-      const distance = Math.abs(agent.x - other.x) + Math.abs(agent.y - other.y);
-      if (distance > 2) return true;
-      const farming = other.tech.farming || 0;
-      const metallurgy = other.tech.metallurgy || 0;
-      if (farming > 0.1) {
-        farmingCount++;
-        farmingSum += farming;
-      }
-      if (metallurgy > 0.1) {
-        metallurgyCount++;
-        metallurgySum += metallurgy;
-      }
-      return true;
-    });
-
-    if (farmingCount >= 2) {
-      const avgFarming = farmingSum / farmingCount;
-      agent.tech.farming = clamp(agent.tech.farming + 0.0024 * farmingCount * avgFarming, 0, 1);
-    }
-
-    if (metallurgyCount >= 2) {
-      const avgMetallurgy = metallurgySum / metallurgyCount;
-      agent.tech.metallurgy = clamp(agent.tech.metallurgy + 0.0018 * metallurgyCount * avgMetallurgy, 0, 1);
-    }
-  }
-
-  forEachLocalAgentNear(x, y, radius, callback) {
-    const w = this.world;
-    for (let dy = -radius; dy <= radius; dy++) {
-      for (let dx = -radius; dx <= radius; dx++) {
-        const tx = x + dx;
-        const ty = y + dy;
-        if (tx < 0 || ty < 0 || tx >= w.size || ty >= w.size) continue;
-        const agents = this.tileAgents.get(w.idx(tx, ty));
-        if (!agents) continue;
-        for (const agent of agents) {
-          if (callback(agent) === false) return;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  farmingGatherMultiplier(agent, tile) {
-    const farmingLevel = agent.tech?.farming || 0;
-    const farmingWork = agent.farmingWork || 0;
-    const farmability = this.farmabilityAt(tile);
-    return clamp(1 + farmingLevel * farmingWork * farmability * 2, 1, 3);
-  }
-
-  metallurgyGatherMultiplier(agent, tile) {
-    const metallurgyLevel = agent.tech?.metallurgy || 0;
-    if (metallurgyLevel > 0.02) {
-      agent.tech.metallurgy = clamp(agent.tech.metallurgy + metallurgyLevel * clamp(this.world.mineral[tile], 0, 1) * 0.00012, 0, 1);
-    }
-    return 1 + metallurgyLevel * clamp(this.world.mineral[tile], 0, 1);
-  }
-
-  gatherConsumeReproduce(a, offspring) {
-    const w = this.world;
-    const i = w.idx(a.x, a.y);
-    this.ensureAgentTech(a);
-    const ethnicity = this.ethnicities.get(a.ethnicity);
-    const climateMismatch = this.climateMismatch(a.ethnicity, i);
-    const climateFit = clamp(1 - climateMismatch * 1.35, 0.18, 1);
-    const cityMarket = w.city[i] >= 0 ? 0.28 : 0;
-    const drylandAdapted = this.isDrylandAdapted(ethnicity);
-    const desertForage = drylandAdapted && w.terrain[i] === Terrain.DESERT ? 0.55 : 0;
-    const productivity = 0.45 + w.fertility[i] * 1.35 + w.mineral[i] * 0.45 + w.farmland[i] * 0.72 + cityMarket + desertForage;
-    const carryingCapacity = this.carryingCapacityAt(i);
-    const overCapacity = Math.max(0, w.pressure[i] - carryingCapacity);
-    const pressurePenalty = 1 / (1 + overCapacity * SimConfig.population.pressurePenaltyBase);
-    const baseGatherAmount = productivity * climateFit * pressurePenalty * this.rng.range(0.45, 1.2);
-    const gathered = Math.min(
-      w.resource[i],
-      baseGatherAmount * this.farmingGatherMultiplier(a, i) * this.metallurgyGatherMultiplier(a, i)
-    );
-    w.resource[i] -= gathered;
-    a.resources += gathered;
-    const waterAdaptation = ethnicity?.climateHumidity ?? 0.45;
-    const waterCost = w.terrain[i] === Terrain.WATER ? (waterAdaptation >= 0.82 ? 0.1 : 0.4 - waterAdaptation * 0.12) : 0;
-    const climateCost = Math.max(0, climateMismatch - 0.22) * 2.4;
-    const drylandUpkeep = drylandAdapted && w.terrain[i] === Terrain.DESERT ? 0.72 : 1;
-    const sedentary = getSedentary(a.traits);
-    const mobileOverhead = (1 - sedentary) * 0.18 + a.traits.mobility * 0.08;
-    a.resources -= ((0.72 + w.move[i] * 0.06 + waterCost + climateCost) * drylandUpkeep) + mobileOverhead;
-
-    if (a.resources <= 0) {
-      this.removeAgentFromOccupancy(a);
-      a.alive = false;
-      this.deaths++;
-      return;
-    }
-
-    const settlementBonus = sedentary * (w.farmland[i] * 0.18 + cityMarket * 0.12);
-    const mobilityPenalty = (1 - sedentary) * 0.45;
-    const capacityPenalty = overCapacity * SimConfig.population.pressureReproductionPenalty;
-    const reproductionThreshold = a.traits.reproductionThreshold * clamp(1 + mobilityPenalty + capacityPenalty - settlementBonus, 0.82, 2.35);
-    if (a.resources > reproductionThreshold && offspring.length < SimConfig.population.maxOffspringPerStep) {
-      const childShare = 0.36 + sedentary * 0.08;
-      const childResources = a.resources * childShare;
-      a.resources -= childResources;
-      const childTraits = mutateTraits(a.traits, this.rng, 0.035);
-      const child = this.makeAgent(a.x, a.y, a.ethnicity, childTraits, childResources);
-      child.tech.farming = clamp((a.tech?.farming || 0) * this.rng.range(0.75, 0.95), 0, 1);
-      child.tech.metallurgy = clamp((a.tech?.metallurgy || 0) * this.rng.range(0.70, 0.92), 0, 1);
-      offspring.push(child);
-    }
-  }
-
-  climateMismatch(ethnicityId, tile) {
-    const ethnicity = this.ethnicities.get(ethnicityId);
-    if (!ethnicity) return 0;
-    const tempDiff = Math.abs(this.world.temperature[tile] - ethnicity.climateTemp);
-    const humidDiff = Math.abs(this.world.humidity[tile] - ethnicity.climateHumidity);
-    return tempDiff * 0.58 + humidDiff * 0.42;
-  }
-
-  isDrylandAdapted(ethnicity) {
-    return !!ethnicity && ethnicity.climateTemp > 0.5 && ethnicity.climateHumidity < 0.38;
-  }
-
-  ethnicDensityNear(x, y, ethnicity) {
-    const key = `${x},${y},${ethnicity}`;
-    const cached = this.ethnicDensityCache.get(key);
-    if (cached) return cached;
-    let same = 0;
-    let foreign = 0;
-    const w = this.world;
-    for (let dy = -2; dy <= 2; dy++) {
-      for (let dx = -2; dx <= 2; dx++) {
-        if (Math.abs(dx) + Math.abs(dy) > 2) continue;
-        const tx = x + dx;
-        const ty = y + dy;
-        if (tx < 0 || ty < 0 || tx >= w.size || ty >= w.size) continue;
-        const counts = this.tileEthnicities.get(w.idx(tx, ty));
-        if (!counts) continue;
-        for (const [id, value] of counts) {
-          if (id === ethnicity) same += value;
-          else foreign += value;
-        }
-        if (same > 6 && foreign > 6) {
-          const result = { same: same * 0.22, foreign: foreign * 0.16 };
-          this.ethnicDensityCache.set(key, result);
-          return result;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    const result = { same: same * 0.22, foreign: foreign * 0.16 };
-    this.ethnicDensityCache.set(key, result);
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  resolveAssimilation(a) {
-    const dominant = this.dominantEthnicityNear(a.x, a.y, a.ethnicity);
-    if (!dominant || dominant.id === a.ethnicity) {
-      a.foreignContact = Math.max(0, a.foreignContact - 1);
-      return;
-    }
-
-    if (a.contactEthnicity !== dominant.id) {
-      a.contactEthnicity = dominant.id;
-      a.foreignContact = 0;
-    }
-    a.foreignContact++;
-
-    const pressure = dominant.count / Math.max(1, dominant.total);
-    const chance = a.traits.assimilation * pressure * Math.min(1, a.foreignContact / 30);
-    if (this.rng.next() < chance * 0.14) {
-      this.changeAgentEthnicity(a, dominant.id);
-      a.traits = blendTraits(a.traits, dominant.averageTraits, 0.08 + a.traits.assimilation * 0.22);
-      a.foreignContact = 0;
-    }
-  }
-
-  dominantEthnicityNear(x, y, self) {
-    const key = `${x},${y},${self}`;
-    const cached = this.dominantEthnicityCache.get(key);
-    if (cached) return cached;
-    const counts = new Map();
-    let total = 0;
-    const w = this.world;
-    for (let dy = -3; dy <= 3; dy++) {
-      for (let dx = -3; dx <= 3; dx++) {
-        if (Math.abs(dx) + Math.abs(dy) > 3) continue;
-        const tx = x + dx;
-        const ty = y + dy;
-        if (tx < 0 || ty < 0 || tx >= w.size || ty >= w.size) continue;
-        const tileCounts = this.tileEthnicities.get(w.idx(tx, ty));
-        if (!tileCounts) continue;
-        for (const [id, count] of tileCounts) {
-          total += count;
-          counts.set(id, (counts.get(id) || 0) + count);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    for (const city of this.getCitiesNear(x, y, 5)) {
-      const distance = Math.abs(city.x - x) + Math.abs(city.y - y);
-      if (!city.ethnicityComposition?.size) continue;
-      const influence = clamp((6 - distance) / 6, 0, 1) * clamp(Math.sqrt(city.population) / 8, 0.5, 8);
-      for (const [id, count] of city.ethnicityComposition) {
-        const weighted = Math.max(1, Math.round(count * influence * 0.08));
-        total += weighted;
-        counts.set(id, (counts.get(id) || 0) + weighted);
-      }
-    }
-    let best = null;
-    for (const [id, count] of counts) {
-      if (id !== self && (!best || count > best.count)) best = { id, count, total };
-    }
-    if (best) best.averageTraits = this.ethnicities.get(best.id)?.averageTraits || this.randomTraits();
-    if (best) this.dominantEthnicityCache.set(key, best);
-    return best;
-  }
-
-  updateWorldFields(scale = 1) {
-    const w = this.world;
-    const pheromoneDecay = Math.pow(0.996, scale);
-    for (let i = 0; i < w.count; i++) {
-      w.resource[i] = Math.min(58, w.resource[i] + w.regen[i] * scale * (1 + w.farmland[i] * 1.15));
-      w.pheromone[i] *= pheromoneDecay;
-    }
-  }
-
-  updateCities() {
-    const w = this.world;
-    w.city.fill(-1);
-    w.farmland.fill(0);
-    w.cityPull.fill(0);
-
-    const candidates = new Map();
-    for (const a of this.agents) {
-      if (!a.alive) continue;
-      const local = w.idx(a.x, a.y);
-      if (a.settled < 3 && w.pressure[local] < 2) continue;
-      if (w.terrain[local] === Terrain.WATER || w.fertility[local] < 0.24) continue;
-      const cx = clamp(Math.round(a.x / 4) * 4, 0, w.size - 1);
-      const cy = clamp(Math.round(a.y / 4) * 4, 0, w.size - 1);
-      const i = w.idx(cx, cy);
-      let group = candidates.get(i);
-      if (!group) {
-        group = { count: 0, resources: 0, sedentary: 0, farming: 0, metallurgy: 0, techCount: 0, ethnicities: new Map() };
-        candidates.set(i, group);
-      }
-      this.ensureAgentTech(a);
-      group.count++;
-      group.resources += Math.max(0, a.resources);
-      group.sedentary += getSedentary(a.traits);
-      group.farming += a.tech.farming || 0;
-      group.metallurgy += a.tech.metallurgy || 0;
-      group.techCount++;
-      group.ethnicities.set(a.ethnicity, (group.ethnicities.get(a.ethnicity) || 0) + 1);
-    }
-
-    let foundedThisTick = 0;
-    const canFoundCities = this.year >= years(80) && this.year % years(10) === 0;
-    const foundingLimit = canFoundCities ? 1 + Math.floor(this.year / years(600)) : 0;
-    const candidateEntries = [...candidates].sort((a, b) => {
-      const sedentaryA = a[1].sedentary / Math.max(1, a[1].count);
-      const sedentaryB = b[1].sedentary / Math.max(1, b[1].count);
-      return (b[1].count * (0.7 + sedentaryB) + b[1].resources * 0.02) - (a[1].count * (0.7 + sedentaryA) + a[1].resources * 0.02);
-    });
-    for (const [i, group] of candidateEntries) {
-      if (group.count < 3) continue;
-      const avgSedentary = group.sedentary / group.count;
-      let city = this.getCitiesNear(i % w.size, Math.floor(i / w.size), 6)[0] || null;
-      if (!city && canFoundCities && foundedThisTick < foundingLimit && this.cities.length < SimConfig.city.maxCities) {
-        const foundingChance = clamp((avgSedentary - 0.18) * 2.4 * 3, 0.04, 0.98);
-        if (avgSedentary < 0.22 || this.rng.next() > foundingChance) continue;
-        city = this.createCity(i % w.size, Math.floor(i / w.size), group);
-        this.cities.push(city);
-        this.cityById.set(city.id, city);
-        const bucketKey = this.cityBucketKey(city.x, city.y);
-        if (!this.cityBuckets.has(bucketKey)) this.cityBuckets.set(bucketKey, []);
-        this.cityBuckets.get(bucketKey).push(city);
-        foundedThisTick++;
-      }
-      if (city) {
-        city.activeVisitors += group.count;
-        city.storedResources += group.resources * 0.08;
-        city.sedentaryCulture = city.sedentaryCulture * 0.98 + avgSedentary * 0.02;
-        city.knowledge ??= { farming: 0, metallurgy: 0 };
-        city.knowledge.farming = Math.max(city.knowledge.farming * 0.998, group.farming / Math.max(1, group.techCount));
-        city.knowledge.metallurgy = Math.max(city.knowledge.metallurgy * 0.998, group.metallurgy / Math.max(1, group.techCount));
-        const urbanWeight = clamp((avgSedentary - 0.18) * 1.45, 0.08, 1);
-        for (const [id, count] of group.ethnicities) {
-          const urbanCount = this.weightedUrbanContribution(count * 0.2, urbanWeight);
-          if (urbanCount > 0) city.ethnicityComposition.set(id, (city.ethnicityComposition.get(id) || 0) + urbanCount);
-        }
-        city.strength = city.strength * 0.96 + group.count * 0.05;
-      }
-    }
-
-    this.absorbUrbanPopulation();
-    this.rebuildOccupancy();
-    this.processCityEconomies();
-
-    this.cities = this.cities.filter(c => {
-      c.age++;
-      c.strength *= 0.992;
-      const foodPerCapita = c.storedResources / Math.max(1, c.population);
-      if (c.age > 20) {
-        if (c.activeVisitors < 2 && foodPerCapita < 0.04) c.strength -= 0.035;
-        else if (c.activeVisitors < 5 && foodPerCapita < 0.02) c.strength -= 0.015;
-        if (c.population < 25 && foodPerCapita < 0.05) c.strength -= 0.018;
-      }
-      if (c.population <= 0 || c.strength <= 0.06) return false;
-      const radius = c.agriculturalRadius;
-      for (let dy = -radius; dy <= radius; dy++) {
-        for (let dx = -radius; dx <= radius; dx++) {
-          const x = clamp(c.x + dx, 0, w.size - 1);
-          const y = clamp(c.y + dy, 0, w.size - 1);
-          const d = Math.abs(dx) + Math.abs(dy);
-          if (d <= radius) {
-            const tile = w.idx(x, y);
-            w.city[tile] = c.id;
-            if (w.terrain[tile] !== Terrain.WATER) {
-              w.farmland[tile] = Math.max(w.farmland[tile], (radius - d + 1) / (radius + 1));
-              w.cityPull[tile] = Math.max(w.cityPull[tile], (radius - d + 1) / (radius + 1));
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      return true;
-    });
-    this.rebuildIndexes();
-  }
-
-  createCity(x, y, seedGroup = null) {
-    const seedPopulation = seedGroup ? Math.max(14, seedGroup.count * 5) : 10;
-    const seedSedentary = seedGroup ? seedGroup.sedentary / Math.max(1, seedGroup.count) : 0.5;
-    const composition = new Map();
-    if (seedGroup) {
-      const urbanWeight = clamp((seedSedentary - 0.18) * 1.45, 0.08, 1);
-      for (const [id, count] of seedGroup.ethnicities) {
-        const urbanCount = this.weightedUrbanContribution(count * 3, urbanWeight);
-        if (urbanCount > 0) composition.set(id, urbanCount);
-      }
-    }
-    return {
-      id: this.nextCity++,
-      x,
-      y,
-      population: seedPopulation,
-      storedResources: 34 + (seedGroup?.resources || 0) * 0.55,
-      ethnicityComposition: composition,
-      pheromoneOutput: 0,
-      agriculturalRadius: 2,
-      tradeLinks: new Set(),
-      activeVisitors: 0,
-      age: 0,
-      strength: 3,
-      sedentaryCulture: seedSedentary,
-      knowledge: { farming: 0, metallurgy: 0 },
-      supplyStress: 0,
-      polityId: null,
-      loyalty: 0.5,
-      receivedAid: false,
-      tradeValue: 0,
-      tradeReach: 0
-    };
-  }
-
-  absorbUrbanPopulation() {
-    if (!this.cities.length) return;
-    const absorbed = [];
-    for (const a of this.agents) {
-      if (!a.alive || a.settled < 5) {
-        absorbed.push(a);
-        continue;
-      }
-      const city = this.findCityNear(a.x, a.y, 7);
-      const sedentary = getSedentary(a.traits);
-      if (!city || this.rng.next() > sedentary * 0.85) {
-        absorbed.push(a);
-        continue;
-      }
-      const migrants = 1 + Math.floor(Math.min(8, a.resources / 8));
-      const urbanWeight = clamp((sedentary - 0.14) * 1.5, 0.08, 1);
-      city.population += migrants;
-      city.storedResources += Math.max(0, a.resources) * 0.65;
-      const urbanCount = this.weightedUrbanContribution(migrants, urbanWeight);
-      if (urbanCount > 0) city.ethnicityComposition.set(a.ethnicity, (city.ethnicityComposition.get(a.ethnicity) || 0) + urbanCount);
-      city.sedentaryCulture = city.sedentaryCulture * 0.985 + sedentary * 0.015;
-      city.strength += 0.04;
-    }
-    this.agents = absorbed;
-  }
-
-  weightedUrbanContribution(amount, weight) {
-    const value = amount * weight;
-    const whole = Math.floor(value);
-    return whole + (this.rng.next() < value - whole ? 1 : 0);
-  }
-
-  processCityEconomies() {
-    const w = this.world;
-    for (const city of this.cities) {
-      city.agriculturalRadius = clamp(Math.floor(1 + Math.sqrt(city.population) / 4.5), 2, 14);
-      city.pheromoneOutput = clamp(Math.log2(city.population + 1) * 0.09, 0.15, 1.8);
-      city.knowledge ??= { farming: 0, metallurgy: 0 };
-      let harvested = 0;
-      const radius = city.agriculturalRadius;
-
-      for (let dy = -radius; dy <= radius; dy++) {
-        for (let dx = -radius; dx <= radius; dx++) {
-          if (Math.abs(dx) + Math.abs(dy) > radius) continue;
-          const x = clamp(city.x + dx, 0, w.size - 1);
-          const y = clamp(city.y + dy, 0, w.size - 1);
-          const i = w.idx(x, y);
-          if (w.terrain[i] === Terrain.WATER) continue;
-          const pull = (radius - Math.abs(dx) - Math.abs(dy) + 1) / (radius + 1);
-          const farmingYield = 1 + city.knowledge.farming * 0.85;
-          const metallurgyYield = 1 + city.knowledge.metallurgy * w.mineral[i] * 0.35;
-          const extraction = Math.min(w.resource[i], (0.07 + w.fertility[i] * 0.18 * farmingYield + w.mineral[i] * 0.045 * metallurgyYield) * pull);
-          w.resource[i] -= extraction;
-          w.farmland[i] = Math.max(w.farmland[i], pull);
-          w.pheromone[i] += city.pheromoneOutput * pull * 0.09;
-          harvested += extraction;
-        }
-      }
-
-      city.storedResources += harvested;
-      const trade = this.cityTradeProfile(city);
-      const tradeIncome = trade.value * (0.18 + Math.sqrt(Math.max(0, city.population)) * 0.018);
-      city.storedResources += tradeIncome;
-      const supportRatio = city.activeVisitors / Math.max(1, city.population);
-      const knowledgeMaintenance = city.population * (city.knowledge.farming * 0.0008 + city.knowledge.metallurgy * 0.0012);
-      const tradeRelief = clamp(trade.value * 0.09, 0, 0.32);
-      const upkeep = (city.population * (0.010 + Math.max(0, 0.025 - supportRatio) * 0.09)) * (1 - tradeRelief) + knowledgeMaintenance;
-      city.storedResources -= upkeep;
-      const foodPerCapita = city.storedResources / Math.max(1, city.population);
-      city.supplyStress = clamp((0.11 - foodPerCapita) * 8 + Math.max(0, 0.02 - supportRatio) * 8 - trade.value * 0.12, 0, 1.8);
-      this.innovateCityKnowledge(city, harvested);
-      if (trade.value > 0) {
-        city.knowledge.farming = clamp(city.knowledge.farming + trade.value * 0.00018, 0, 1);
-        city.knowledge.metallurgy = clamp(city.knowledge.metallurgy + trade.value * 0.00024, 0, 1);
-        city.strength += clamp(trade.value * 0.018, 0, 0.08);
-        city.tradeValue = trade.value;
-        city.tradeReach = trade.reach;
-      } else {
-        city.tradeValue = 0;
-        city.tradeReach = 0;
-      }
-      if (city.storedResources > city.population * 0.16 && city.population > 0) {
-        const prosperity = clamp(city.storedResources / Math.max(1, city.population) - 0.12 + trade.value * 0.012, 0, 0.8);
-        const births = Math.max(1, Math.floor(city.population * (0.012 + prosperity * 0.012 + clamp(trade.value, 0, 1.8) * 0.0015)));
-        city.population += births;
-        city.storedResources -= births * 0.55;
-        addBirthsToComposition(city.ethnicityComposition, births);
-      }
-      if (city.age > 20 && city.activeVisitors < 2 && city.storedResources < city.population * 0.03 && city.population > 0) {
-        const attrition = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(city.population * (city.activeVisitors === 0 ? 0.025 : 0.010)));
-        city.population -= attrition;
-        removeFromComposition(city.ethnicityComposition, attrition);
-        city.strength -= city.activeVisitors === 0 ? 0.030 : 0.012;
-      }
-      if (city.storedResources < 0) {
-        const deficit = Math.abs(city.storedResources);
-        const dominant = dominantComposition(city.ethnicityComposition);
-        const loss = Math.min(city.population, Math.ceil(deficit * 2.2 + city.population * 0.035));
-        city.population -= loss;
-        city.storedResources = 0;
-        removeFromComposition(city.ethnicityComposition, loss);
-        city.strength -= Math.min(0.4, 0.03 + deficit * 0.01);
-        if (loss > 0 && this.agents.length < this.maxAgents) {
-          this.spawnUrbanRefugees(city, Math.min(24, Math.max(2, Math.ceil(loss / 8))), dominant);
-        }
-      }
-      city.population = Math.max(0, Math.floor(city.population));
-      city.storedResources = clamp(city.storedResources, 0, Math.max(30, city.population * 1.4));
-    }
-  }
-
-  cityTradeProfile(city) {
-    if (!city?.tradeLinks?.size || !this.tradeLinks.length) return { value: 0, reach: 0 };
-    let value = 0;
-    let reach = 0;
-    for (const link of this.tradeLinks) {
-      if (link.from !== city.id && link.to !== city.id) continue;
-      const other = this.getCityById(link.from === city.id ? link.to : link.from);
-      if (!other) continue;
-      const distance = this.distanceBetweenCities(city, other);
-      const distanceFactor = clamp((distance - 14) / 30, 0, 1);
-      if (distanceFactor <= 0) continue;
-      const partnerScale = clamp(Math.sqrt(Math.max(1, other.population || 1)) / 24, 0.35, 2.4);
-      const pathScale = clamp((link.path?.length || distance) / 30, 0.5, 1.6);
-      value += (link.strength || 0.12) * distanceFactor * partnerScale * pathScale;
-      reach = Math.max(reach, distance);
-    }
-    return {
-      value: clamp(value, 0, 3.2),
-      reach
-    };
-  }
-
-  innovateCityKnowledge(city, harvested) {
-    city.knowledge ??= { farming: 0, metallurgy: 0 };
-    const scale = SimConfig.technology.cityInnovation;
-    const density = clamp(Math.sqrt(city.population) / 20, 0, 1.6);
-    const foodSurplus = clamp(city.storedResources / Math.max(1, city.population) - 0.08, 0, 0.5);
-    city.knowledge.farming = clamp(
-      city.knowledge.farming + scale * density * (0.4 + foodSurplus * 4) + harvested * 0.000015,
-      0,
-      1
-    );
-    city.knowledge.metallurgy = clamp(
-      city.knowledge.metallurgy + scale * density * clamp(city.pheromoneOutput, 0.1, 1.8) * 0.35,
-      0,
-      1
-    );
-    if (city.supplyStress > 0.8) {
-      city.knowledge.farming *= 0.998;
-      city.knowledge.metallurgy *= 0.997;
-    }
-  }
-
-  spawnUrbanRefugees(city, count, ethnicity = null) {
-    const dominant = ethnicity || dominantComposition(city.ethnicityComposition) || 1;
-    const template = this.ethnicities.get(dominant)?.averageTraits || this.randomTraits();
-    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      this.agents.push(this.makeAgent(
-        clamp(city.x + this.rng.int(7) - 3, 0, this.world.size - 1),
-        clamp(city.y + this.rng.int(7) - 3, 0, this.world.size - 1),
-        dominant,
-        mutateTraits(template, this.rng, 0.05),
-        this.rng.range(4, 11)
-      ));
-    }
-  }
-
-  findCityNear(x, y, radius) {
-    let best = null;
-    let bestDistance = Infinity;
-    for (const c of this.getCitiesNear(x, y, radius)) {
-      const d = Math.abs(c.x - x) + Math.abs(c.y - y);
-      if (d <= radius && d < bestDistance) {
-        best = c;
-        bestDistance = d;
-      }
-    }
-    return best;
-  }
-
-  cityInfluence(city) {
-    if (!city || city.population <= 0 || city.strength <= 0) return 0;
-    const sedentaryFactor = clamp(0.45 + (city.sedentaryCulture ?? 0.5) * 0.9, 0.45, 1.35);
-    return (Math.sqrt(city.population) * 1.4 + Math.sqrt(Math.max(0, city.storedResources))) * sedentaryFactor;
-  }
-
-  getCityById(id) {
-    const cached = this.cityById?.get(id);
-    if (cached) return cached;
-    const city = this.cities.find(c => c.id === id) || null;
-    if (city) this.cityById.set(id, city);
-    return city;
-  }
-
-  getPolityById(id) {
-    const cached = this.polityById?.get(id);
-    if (cached) return cached;
-    const polity = this.polities.find(p => p.id === id) || null;
-    if (polity) this.polityById.set(id, polity);
-    return polity;
-  }
-
-  getPolityCities(polity) {
-    const living = [];
-    for (const id of [...polity.cityIds]) {
-      const city = this.getCityById(id);
-      if (!city || city.population <= 0) {
-        polity.cityIds.delete(id);
-      } else {
-        living.push(city);
-      }
-    }
-    return living;
-  }
-
-  dominantCityEthnicity(city) {
-    if (!city || !city.ethnicityComposition || !city.ethnicityComposition.size) return null;
-    return dominantComposition(city.ethnicityComposition) || null;
-  }
-
-  sameDominantEthnicity(cityA, cityB) {
-    const a = this.dominantCityEthnicity(cityA);
-    const b = this.dominantCityEthnicity(cityB);
-    return a !== null && b !== null && a === b;
-  }
-
-  distanceBetweenCities(cityA, cityB) {
-    return Math.abs(cityA.x - cityB.x) + Math.abs(cityA.y - cityB.y);
-  }
-
-  hasDirectTradeConnection(cityA, cityB) {
-    return !!cityA?.tradeLinks?.has(cityB?.id) || !!cityB?.tradeLinks?.has(cityA?.id);
-  }
-
-  effectiveDistance(cityA, cityB) {
-    let distance = this.distanceBetweenCities(cityA, cityB);
-    if (this.hasDirectTradeConnection(cityA, cityB)) distance *= 0.55;
-    return distance;
-  }
-
-  createPolity(centerCity) {
-    const id = this.nextPolity++;
-    const polity = {
-      id,
-      centerCityId: centerCity.id,
-      cityIds: new Set([centerCity.id]),
-      treasury: Math.max(0, centerCity.storedResources * 0.12),
-      color: hslToRgb((id * 0.38196601125) % 1, 0.58, 0.62),
-      founded: this.year,
-      legitimacy: this.rng.range(0.68, 0.94),
-      cohesion: this.rng.range(0.58, 0.9),
-      charisma: this.rng.range(0.5, 1.5),
-      leaderStarted: this.year,
-      leaderTenureYears: this.rng.range(24, 68),
-      crisis: 0,
-      lastCrisisYear: this.year
-    };
-    centerCity.polityId = id;
-    centerCity.loyalty = 1;
-    centerCity.receivedAid = false;
-    this.polities.push(polity);
-    this.polityById.set(polity.id, polity);
-    this.ensurePolityHistory(polity);
-    this.samplePolityHistory(polity);
-    return polity;
-  }
-
-  ensurePolityHistory(polity) {
-    if (!polity) return null;
-    if (!this.polityHistory.has(polity.id)) {
-      this.polityHistory.set(polity.id, {
-        id: polity.id,
-        color: polity.color || hslToRgb((polity.id * 0.38196601125) % 1, 0.58, 0.62),
-        founded: polity.founded ?? this.year,
-        ended: null,
-        active: true,
-        centerCityId: polity.centerCityId ?? null,
-        fate: null,
-        samples: [],
-        events: [],
-        peakPower: 0,
-        peakYear: null,
-        peakEventYear: null
-      });
-    }
-    const history = this.polityHistory.get(polity.id);
-    history.events ??= [];
-    history.peakPower ??= 0;
-    history.peakYear ??= null;
-    history.peakEventYear ??= null;
-    return history;
-  }
-
-  averagePolityLoyalty(polity) {
-    const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
-    const subordinates = cities.filter(city => city.id !== polity.centerCityId);
-    if (!subordinates.length) return 1;
-    return subordinates.reduce((sum, city) => sum + city.loyalty, 0) / subordinates.length;
-  }
-
-  samplePolityHistory(polity) {
-    const history = this.ensurePolityHistory(polity);
-    if (!history) return;
-    const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
-    const population = cities.reduce((sum, city) => sum + city.population, 0);
-    const treasury = polity.treasury || 0;
-    const avgLoyalty = this.averagePolityLoyalty(polity);
-    const fallbackPower = Math.sqrt(population) * 1.35 +
-      Math.sqrt(Math.max(0, treasury)) * 1.15 +
-      avgLoyalty * 16;
-    history.centerCityId = polity.centerCityId ?? history.centerCityId;
-    const sample = {
-      year: this.year,
-      cities: cities.length,
-      population,
-      treasury,
-      avgLoyalty,
-      power: typeof this.polityPower === "function" ? this.polityPower(polity) : fallbackPower
-    };
-    history.samples.push(sample);
-    if (sample.power > Math.max(20, (history.peakPower || 0) * 1.18)) {
-      history.peakPower = sample.power;
-      history.peakYear = this.year;
-      const oldEnoughForPeakMarker = this.year - (history.founded ?? this.year) > years(40);
-      if (oldEnoughForPeakMarker && (!history.peakEventYear || this.year - history.peakEventYear > years(120))) {
-        this.addPolityEvent(polity.id, "peak", this.year, {
-          power: sample.power,
-          cities: sample.cities,
-          population: sample.population
-        }, 2);
-        history.peakEventYear = this.year;
-      }
-    }
-    const maxSamples = SimConfig.render.historyWindowYears + SimConfig.render.historySamplePaddingYears;
-    while (history.samples.length > maxSamples) history.samples.shift();
-  }
-
-  samplePolityHistories() {
-    for (const polity of this.polities) this.samplePolityHistory(polity);
-  }
-
-  addPolityEvent(polityId, type, year = this.year, data = {}, importance = 1) {
-    let history = this.polityHistory.get(polityId) || this.deadPolityHistories.find(h => h.id === polityId) || null;
-    if (!history) {
-      const polity = this.getPolityById(polityId);
-      if (polity) history = this.ensurePolityHistory(polity);
-    }
-    if (!history) return;
-    history.events ??= [];
-    const sameYearDuplicate = history.events.some(event =>
-      event.type === type &&
-      event.year === year &&
-      JSON.stringify(event.data || {}) === JSON.stringify(data || {})
-    );
-    if (sameYearDuplicate) return;
-    history.events.push({ year, type, importance, data });
-    while (history.events.length > 120) history.events.shift();
-  }
-
-  selectNewLeader(polity, forced = false) {
-    if (!polity) return;
-    const previousCharisma = clamp(polity.charisma ?? 1, 0.5, 1.5);
-    const center = this.getCityById(polity.centerCityId);
-    const centerStability = center ? clamp(center.loyalty ?? 0.5, 0, 1) : 0.5;
-    const institutionalBias = ((polity.legitimacy ?? 0.7) + (polity.cohesion ?? 0.6) + centerStability) / 3;
-    const randomLeader = this.rng.range(0.5, 1.5);
-    const continuity = forced ? 0.18 : 0.34;
-    const institutionalPull = 0.82 + institutionalBias * 0.36;
-    const nextCharisma = clamp(
-      previousCharisma * continuity + randomLeader * (1 - continuity) * institutionalPull,
-      0.5,
-      1.5
-    );
-    polity.charisma = nextCharisma;
-    polity.leaderStarted = this.year;
-    polity.leaderTenureYears = this.rng.range(22, 72);
-
-    const change = nextCharisma - previousCharisma;
-    polity.legitimacy = clamp((polity.legitimacy ?? 0.7) + change * 0.08 - (forced ? 0.035 : 0), 0, 1);
-    polity.cohesion = clamp((polity.cohesion ?? 0.6) + change * 0.045 - (forced ? 0.020 : 0), 0, 1);
-    if (forced) polity.crisis = clamp((polity.crisis || 0) + 0.04, 0, 1.5);
-  }
-
-  updatePolityLeaders() {
-    for (const polity of this.polities) {
-      polity.charisma = clamp(polity.charisma ?? 1, 0.5, 1.5);
-      polity.leaderStarted ??= polity.founded ?? this.year;
-      polity.leaderTenureYears ??= this.rng.range(24, 68);
-      const tenureYears = (this.year - polity.leaderStarted) / MONTHS_PER_YEAR;
-      const oldLeader = Math.max(0, tenureYears - polity.leaderTenureYears);
-      const crisisPressure = clamp((polity.crisis || 0) * 0.045, 0, 0.09);
-      const successionChance = clamp(oldLeader * 0.018 + crisisPressure, 0, 0.36);
-      if (successionChance > 0 && this.rng.next() < successionChance) {
-        this.selectNewLeader(polity, (polity.crisis || 0) > 0.85);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  maybeSpawnDisaster() {
-    const config = SimConfig.disaster;
-    const interval = years(config?.checkIntervalYears ?? 8);
-    if (!interval || this.year % interval !== 0) return;
-    if (this.rng.next() > (config?.baseChance ?? 0.38)) return;
-    this.spawnDisaster();
-  }
-
-  spawnDisaster() {
-    const config = SimConfig.disaster;
-    const large = this.rng.next() < (config?.rareLargeChance ?? 0.10);
-    const radius = large
-      ? this.rng.range(config?.largeRadiusMin ?? 28, config?.largeRadiusMax ?? 54)
-      : this.rng.range(config?.minRadius ?? 6, config?.maxRadius ?? 34);
-    const intensity = this.rng.range(config?.minIntensity ?? 0.25, config?.maxIntensity ?? 0.95);
-    this.applyDisaster(this.rng.int(this.world.size), this.rng.int(this.world.size), radius, intensity);
-  }
-
-  applyDisaster(x, y, radius, intensity) {
-    const config = SimConfig.disaster;
-    const w = this.world;
-    const affectedPolityMap = new Map();
-    const affectedPolityIds = new Set();
-    for (const city of this.cities) {
-      if (city.polityId === null) continue;
-      if (Math.hypot(city.x - x, city.y - y) <= radius) affectedPolityIds.add(city.polityId);
-    }
-    const polityPopulationBefore = new Map();
-    for (const id of affectedPolityIds) {
-      const polity = this.getPolityById(id);
-      if (polity) polityPopulationBefore.set(id, this.totalPolityPopulation(polity));
-    }
-
-    let affectedAgents = 0;
-    for (const agent of this.agents) {
-      if (!agent.alive) continue;
-      const d = Math.hypot(agent.x - x, agent.y - y);
-      if (d > radius) continue;
-      const falloff = 1 - d / radius;
-      const damage = clamp(intensity * falloff * falloff, 0, 1);
-      if (this.rng.next() < damage * 0.32) {
-        if (this.removeAgentFromOccupancy) this.removeAgentFromOccupancy(agent);
-        agent.alive = false;
-        this.deaths++;
-        affectedAgents++;
-      } else {
-        agent.resources = Math.max(0, agent.resources * (1 - damage * 0.45));
-        if (agent.tech) {
-          agent.tech.farming = Math.max(0, agent.tech.farming - damage * 0.035);
-          agent.tech.metallurgy = Math.max(0, agent.tech.metallurgy - damage * 0.04);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    let affectedCities = 0;
-    let totalPopulationLoss = 0;
-    for (const city of this.cities) {
-      const d = Math.hypot(city.x - x, city.y - y);
-      if (d > radius) continue;
-      const falloff = 1 - d / radius;
-      const damage = clamp(intensity * falloff * falloff, 0, 1);
-      if (damage <= 0) continue;
-      affectedCities++;
-      const popBefore = city.population || 0;
-      const lossRate = clamp(damage * 0.25, 0, 0.45);
-      const loss = Math.floor(popBefore * lossRate);
-      city.population = Math.max(0, popBefore - loss);
-      if (typeof removeFromComposition === "function") removeFromComposition(city.ethnicityComposition, loss);
-      city.storedResources = Math.max(0, city.storedResources * (1 - damage * 0.55));
-      city.strength = Math.max(0, city.strength - damage * 0.38);
-      this.deaths += Math.floor(loss * 0.35);
-      totalPopulationLoss += loss;
-
-      if (city.polityId !== null) {
-        let entry = affectedPolityMap.get(city.polityId);
-        if (!entry) {
-          entry = {
-            polityId: city.polityId,
-            populationBefore: polityPopulationBefore.get(city.polityId) || 0,
-            populationLoss: 0,
-            cityIds: new Set()
-          };
-          affectedPolityMap.set(city.polityId, entry);
-        }
-        entry.populationLoss += loss;
-        entry.cityIds.add(city.id);
-        const polity = this.getPolityById(city.polityId);
-        if (polity) {
-          polity.crisis = clamp((polity.crisis || 0) + damage * (city.id === polity.centerCityId ? 0.25 : 0.12), 0, 1.5);
-          polity.legitimacy = clamp((polity.legitimacy ?? 0.7) - damage * 0.08, 0, 1);
-          polity.cohesion = clamp((polity.cohesion ?? 0.6) - damage * 0.05, 0, 1);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    const minX = Math.max(0, Math.floor(x - radius));
-    const maxX = Math.min(w.size - 1, Math.ceil(x + radius));
-    const minY = Math.max(0, Math.floor(y - radius));
-    const maxY = Math.min(w.size - 1, Math.ceil(y + radius));
-    for (let ty = minY; ty <= maxY; ty++) {
-      for (let tx = minX; tx <= maxX; tx++) {
-        const d = Math.hypot(tx - x, ty - y);
-        if (d > radius) continue;
-        const falloff = 1 - d / radius;
-        const damage = clamp(intensity * falloff * falloff, 0, 1);
-        const tile = w.idx(tx, ty);
-        w.resource[tile] *= (1 - damage * 0.45);
-        w.farmland[tile] *= (1 - damage * 0.35);
-        w.pheromone[tile] *= (1 - damage * 0.25);
-      }
-    }
-
-    const affectedPolities = [...affectedPolityMap.values()].map(entry => {
-      const populationBefore = Math.max(1, entry.populationBefore || 0);
-      const lossRate = entry.populationLoss / populationBefore;
-      return {
-        polityId: entry.polityId,
-        populationBefore: entry.populationBefore,
-        populationLoss: entry.populationLoss,
-        lossRate,
-        cityIds: [...entry.cityIds]
-      };
-    });
-    const id = this.nextDisaster++;
-    const record = {
-      id,
-      year: this.year,
-      x,
-      y,
-      radius,
-      intensity,
-      expires: this.year + years(config?.visualDurationYears ?? 18),
-      affectedAgents,
-      affectedCities,
-      totalPopulationLoss,
-      affectedPolities
-    };
-    this.disasters.push(record);
-    this.disasterHistory.push(record);
-    for (const entry of affectedPolities) {
-      if (entry.lossRate >= 0.10) {
-        this.addPolityEvent(entry.polityId, "disaster", this.year, {
-          disasterId: id,
-          populationLoss: entry.populationLoss,
-          lossRate: entry.lossRate,
-          affectedCities: entry.cityIds.length
-        }, entry.lossRate >= 0.20 ? 3 : 2);
-      }
-    }
-    this.disasters = this.disasters
-      .filter(disaster => this.year <= disaster.expires)
-      .slice(-(config?.maxActiveVisuals ?? 12));
-    while (this.disasterHistory.length > (config?.maxHistory ?? 160)) this.disasterHistory.shift();
-  }
-
-  markPolityEnded(polity, reason = "dissolved") {
-    if (!polity) return;
-    const history = this.ensurePolityHistory(polity);
-    if (!history) return;
-    this.samplePolityHistory(polity);
-    history.ended = this.year;
-    history.active = false;
-    history.fate = reason;
-    history.centerCityId = polity.centerCityId ?? history.centerCityId;
-    this.polityHistory.delete(polity.id);
-    this.deadPolityHistories.push(history);
-    while (this.deadPolityHistories.length > 80) this.deadPolityHistories.shift();
-  }
-
-  getAllPolityHistories() {
-    return [...this.deadPolityHistories, ...this.polityHistory.values()]
-      .sort((a, b) => (a.founded - b.founded) || (a.id - b.id));
-  }
-
-  addCityToPolity(city, polity, initialLoyalty = 0.5) {
-    if (!city || !polity) return;
-    if (city.polityId !== null && city.polityId !== polity.id) this.removeCityFromPolity(city);
-    city.polityId = polity.id;
-    city.loyalty = clamp(initialLoyalty, 0, 1);
-    city.receivedAid = false;
-    polity.cityIds.add(city.id);
-  }
-
-  removeCityFromPolity(city) {
-    if (!city || city.polityId === null) return;
-    const oldPolity = this.getPolityById(city.polityId);
-    if (oldPolity) oldPolity.cityIds.delete(city.id);
-    city.polityId = null;
-    city.loyalty = 0.45;
-    city.receivedAid = false;
-  }
-
-  isPolityAtWar(polityId) {
-    return this.wars.some(war => war.ended === null && (war.aPolityId === polityId || war.bPolityId === polityId));
-  }
-
-  getWarBetween(aId, bId) {
-    return this.wars.find(war =>
-      war.ended === null &&
-      ((war.aPolityId === aId && war.bPolityId === bId) || (war.aPolityId === bId && war.bPolityId === aId))
-    ) || null;
-  }
-
-  startWar(a, b) {
-    if (!a || !b || a.id === b.id) return null;
-    if (this.getWarBetween(a.id, b.id)) return null;
-    if (this.isPolityAtWar(a.id) || this.isPolityAtWar(b.id)) return null;
-
-    const id = this.nextWar++;
-    const war = {
-      id,
-      aPolityId: a.id,
-      bPolityId: b.id,
-      started: this.year,
-      lastActionYear: this.year,
-      intensity: this.rng.range(0.45, 1.05),
-      exhaustionA: 0,
-      exhaustionB: 0,
-      ended: null
-    };
-    this.wars.push(war);
-    a.crisis = clamp((a.crisis || 0) + 0.04, 0, 1.5);
-    b.crisis = clamp((b.crisis || 0) + 0.04, 0, 1.5);
-    return war;
-  }
-
-  endWar(war) {
-    if (!war || war.ended !== null) return;
-    war.ended = this.year;
-  }
-
-  totalPolityPopulation(polity) {
-    return this.getPolityCities(polity)
-      .reduce((sum, city) => sum + Math.max(0, city.population || 0), 0);
-  }
-
-  averagePolityTechnology(polity) {
-    const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
-    if (!cities.length) return 0;
-    let total = 0;
-    let count = 0;
-    for (const city of cities) {
-      if (!city?.knowledge) continue;
-      total += ((city.knowledge.farming || 0) + (city.knowledge.metallurgy || 0)) * 0.5;
-      count++;
-    }
-    return count ? total / count : 0;
-  }
-
-  polityPower(polity) {
-    const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
-    if (!cities.length) return 0;
-
-    const population = cities.reduce((sum, c) => sum + Math.max(0, c.population || 0), 0);
-    const treasury = Math.max(0, polity.treasury || 0);
-    const avgLoyalty = this.averagePolityLoyalty ? this.averagePolityLoyalty(polity) : 0.5;
-    const tech = this.averagePolityTechnology(polity);
-    const instability = this.polityInstability ? this.polityInstability(polity) : 0;
-    const agePressure = this.polityAgePressure ? this.polityAgePressure(polity) : 0;
-
-    const basePower = Math.max(0,
-      Math.sqrt(population) * 1.35 +
-      Math.sqrt(treasury) * 1.15 +
-      avgLoyalty * 16 +
-      tech * 24 -
-      instability * 12 -
-      agePressure * 6
-    );
-    return basePower * clamp(polity.charisma ?? 1, 0.5, 1.5);
-  }
-
-  polityInfluenceRange(polity, wartime = false) {
-    const power = this.polityPower(polity);
-    const base = 18 + Math.sqrt(power) * 2.2;
-    const range = wartime ? base * 1.15 : base * 0.75;
-    return clamp(range, wartime ? 24 : 18, wartime ? 60 : 42);
-  }
-
-  distanceToNearestPolityCity(polity, city) {
-    if (!polity || !city) return Infinity;
-    let best = Infinity;
-    for (const source of this.getPolityCities(polity)) {
-      const distance = this.effectiveDistance ? this.effectiveDistance(source, city) : this.distanceBetweenCities(source, city);
-      if (distance < best) best = distance;
-    }
-    return best;
-  }
-
-  nearestPolityCity(polity, city) {
-    if (!polity || !city) return null;
-    let best = null;
-    let bestDistance = Infinity;
-    for (const source of this.getPolityCities(polity)) {
-      const distance = this.effectiveDistance ? this.effectiveDistance(source, city) : this.distanceBetweenCities(source, city);
-      if (distance < bestDistance) {
-        best = source;
-        bestDistance = distance;
-      }
-    }
-    return best;
-  }
-
-  polityDistance(a, b) {
-    const aCities = this.getPolityCities(a);
-    const bCities = this.getPolityCities(b);
-    if (!aCities.length || !bCities.length) return Infinity;
-    let best = Infinity;
-    for (const aCity of aCities) {
-      for (const bCity of bCities) {
-        const distance = this.effectiveDistance ? this.effectiveDistance(aCity, bCity) : this.distanceBetweenCities(aCity, bCity);
-        if (distance < best) best = distance;
-      }
-    }
-    return best;
-  }
-
-  polityAge(polity) {
-    return (this.year - (polity?.founded ?? this.year)) / MONTHS_PER_YEAR;
-  }
-
-  polityAgePressure(polity) {
-    const age = this.polityAge(polity);
-    if (age < 80) return 0;
-    const x = (age - 80) / 420;
-    return clamp(1 - Math.exp(-x), 0, 1.35);
-  }
-
-  polityOverextension(polity) {
-    const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
-    const center = this.getCityById(polity.centerCityId);
-    if (!center || cities.length <= 1) return 0;
-
-    const cityCountPressure = Math.max(0, cities.length - 5) * 0.08;
-    let distanceSum = 0;
-    let count = 0;
-    for (const city of cities) {
-      if (city.id === center.id) continue;
-      distanceSum += this.effectiveDistance(center, city);
-      count++;
-    }
-
-    const avgDistance = count ? distanceSum / count : 0;
-    const distancePressure = Math.max(0, avgDistance - 28) * 0.008;
-    return clamp(cityCountPressure + distancePressure, 0, 2);
-  }
-
-  polityResourceStress(polity) {
-    const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
-    if (!cities.length) return 1;
-
-    let poor = 0;
-    let supplyStress = 0;
-    for (const city of cities) {
-      const perCapita = city.storedResources / Math.max(1, city.population);
-      if (perCapita < 0.06) poor++;
-      supplyStress += city.supplyStress || 0;
-    }
-
-    const povertyRate = poor / cities.length;
-    const avgSupplyStress = supplyStress / cities.length;
-    const treasuryPerCity = (polity.treasury || 0) / Math.max(1, cities.length);
-    const treasuryStress = treasuryPerCity < 2 ? (2 - treasuryPerCity) / 2 : 0;
-    return clamp(povertyRate * 0.55 + avgSupplyStress * 0.35 + treasuryStress * 0.28, 0, 1.5);
-  }
-
-  polityLogisticsStress(polity) {
-    const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
-    const center = this.getCityById(polity.centerCityId);
-    if (!center || cities.length <= 1) return 0;
-    let stress = 0;
-    let count = 0;
-    for (const city of cities) {
-      if (city.id === center.id) continue;
-      const distance = this.effectiveDistance(center, city);
-      const food = city.storedResources / Math.max(1, city.population);
-      const distanceStress = Math.max(0, distance - SimConfig.polity.logisticsDistance) * 0.012;
-      const foodStress = Math.max(0, SimConfig.polity.minimumPerCapitaFood - food) * 4.5;
-      const routeRelief = this.hasDirectTradeConnection(center, city) ? 0.72 : 1;
-      stress += (distanceStress + foodStress + (city.supplyStress || 0) * 0.35) * routeRelief;
-      count++;
-    }
-    return clamp(stress / Math.max(1, count), 0, 1.8);
-  }
-
-  polityEthnicFragmentation(polity) {
-    const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
-    if (cities.length <= 1) return 0;
-
-    const counts = new Map();
-    for (const city of cities) {
-      const e = this.dominantCityEthnicity(city);
-      if (e !== null) counts.set(e, (counts.get(e) || 0) + 1);
-    }
-    if (!counts.size) return 0;
-
-    let max = 0;
-    for (const v of counts.values()) max = Math.max(max, v);
-    const dominantShare = max / cities.length;
-    return clamp(1 - dominantShare, 0, 1);
-  }
-
-  polityInstability(polity) {
-    const agePressure = this.polityAgePressure(polity);
-    const overextension = this.polityOverextension(polity);
-    const resourceStress = this.polityResourceStress(polity);
-    const logisticsStress = this.polityLogisticsStress(polity);
-    const fragmentation = this.polityEthnicFragmentation(polity);
-
-    const legitimacyBuffer = (polity.legitimacy ?? 0.7) * 0.85;
-    const cohesionBuffer = (polity.cohesion ?? 0.6) * 0.62;
-    return clamp(
-      agePressure * 0.35 +
-      overextension * 0.24 +
-      resourceStress * 0.38 +
-      logisticsStress * 0.30 +
-      fragmentation * 0.22 +
-      (polity.crisis || 0) * 0.42 -
-      legitimacyBuffer -
-      cohesionBuffer,
-      0,
-      2.5
-    );
-  }
-
-  foundPolities() {
-    for (const city of this.cities) {
-      if (city.polityId !== null || city.population < 55 || city.storedResources < 18) continue;
-      const centerInfluence = this.cityInfluence(city);
-      let absorbed = 0;
-      for (const other of this.cities) {
-        if (absorbed >= 3) break;
-        if (other === city || other.polityId !== null) continue;
-        if (this.distanceBetweenCities(city, other) > 34) continue;
-        const targetInfluence = this.cityInfluence(other);
-        if (centerInfluence <= targetInfluence * 1.08) continue;
-
-        const proximity = 1 / (1 + this.distanceBetweenCities(city, other) * 0.08);
-        const routeBonus = this.hasDirectTradeConnection(city, other) ? 1.5 : 1.0;
-        const dominanceScore = (centerInfluence / (targetInfluence + 1)) * proximity * routeBonus;
-        if (dominanceScore > 0.68 && this.rng.next() < 0.32) {
-          const polity = city.polityId === null ? this.createPolity(city) : this.getPolityById(city.polityId);
-          this.addCityToPolity(other, polity, 0.68);
-          absorbed++;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  expandPolities() {
-    for (const polity of this.polities) {
-      const center = this.getCityById(polity.centerCityId);
-      if (!center) continue;
-      const centerInfluence = this.cityInfluence(center);
-      let absorbed = 0;
-      for (const city of this.cities) {
-        if (absorbed >= 2) break;
-        if (city.polityId !== null || city.id === center.id) continue;
-        const distance = this.effectiveDistance(center, city);
-        if (distance > 44) continue;
-        const targetInfluence = this.cityInfluence(city);
-        if (centerInfluence <= targetInfluence * 0.9) continue;
-        const dominanceScore =
-          (centerInfluence / (targetInfluence + 1)) *
-          (1 / (1 + distance * 0.08)) *
-          (this.hasDirectTradeConnection(center, city) ? 1.5 : 1.0);
-        if (dominanceScore > 0.62 && this.rng.next() < 0.24) {
-          this.addCityToPolity(city, polity, 0.62);
-          absorbed++;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  absorbIndependentCities() {
-    if (this.year % years(5) !== 0) return;
-
-    for (const polity of this.polities) {
-      const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
-      if (!cities.length) continue;
-
-      const power = this.polityPower(polity);
-      const range = this.polityInfluenceRange(polity, false);
-      let absorbed = 0;
-
-      const candidates = this.cities
-        .filter(city => city.polityId === null && city.population > 0)
-        .map(city => ({
-          city,
-          distance: this.distanceToNearestPolityCity(polity, city)
-        }))
-        .filter(x => x.distance <= range)
-        .sort((a, b) => a.distance - b.distance);
-
-      for (const { city, distance } of candidates) {
-        if (absorbed >= 1) break;
-
-        const cityInfluence = this.cityInfluence ? this.cityInfluence(city) : Math.sqrt(city.population || 1);
-        const proximity = 1 / (1 + distance * 0.07);
-        const pressure = (power / Math.max(1, cityInfluence)) * proximity;
-
-        if (pressure > 0.75 && this.rng.next() < clamp(pressure * 0.055, 0.01, 0.22)) {
-          this.addCityToPolity(city, polity, 0.42);
-          city.population = Math.max(1, Math.floor(city.population * this.rng.range(0.95, 0.99)));
-          absorbed++;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  maybeStartWars() {
-    if (this.year % years(10) !== 0) return;
-
-    for (const a of this.polities) {
-      if (this.isPolityAtWar(a.id)) continue;
-
-      const aPower = this.polityPower(a);
-      if (aPower <= 0) continue;
-
-      let started = false;
-
-      for (const b of this.polities) {
-        if (started) break;
-        if (a.id >= b.id) continue;
-        if (this.isPolityAtWar(b.id)) continue;
-        if (this.getWarBetween(a.id, b.id)) continue;
-
-        const distance = this.polityDistance(a, b);
-        if (distance > 46) continue;
-
-        const bPower = this.polityPower(b);
-        if (bPower <= 0) continue;
-
-        const larger = Math.max(aPower, bPower);
-        const smaller = Math.min(aPower, bPower);
-        const advantage = larger / Math.max(1, smaller);
-
-        const proximity = clamp((46 - distance) / 46, 0, 1);
-        const aInstability = this.polityInstability ? this.polityInstability(a) : 0;
-        const bInstability = this.polityInstability ? this.polityInstability(b) : 0;
-        const aAge = this.polityAgePressure ? this.polityAgePressure(a) : 0;
-        const bAge = this.polityAgePressure ? this.polityAgePressure(b) : 0;
-        const aOverextension = this.polityOverextension ? this.polityOverextension(a) : 0;
-        const bOverextension = this.polityOverextension ? this.polityOverextension(b) : 0;
-
-        const asymmetryPressure = clamp((advantage - 1.15) / 2.5, 0, 1);
-        const weakSideInstability = aPower > bPower ? bInstability : aInstability;
-        const weakSideAge = aPower > bPower ? bAge : aAge;
-        const weakSideOverextension = aPower > bPower ? bOverextension : aOverextension;
-        const generalInstability = Math.max(aInstability, bInstability) * 0.04;
-        const borderFriction = this.borderFriction(a, b, distance);
-
-        const chance =
-          0.002 +
-          proximity * 0.010 +
-          asymmetryPressure * 0.010 +
-          weakSideInstability * 0.020 +
-          weakSideAge * 0.012 +
-          weakSideOverextension * 0.012 +
-          borderFriction * 0.010 +
-          generalInstability;
-
-        if (this.rng.next() < clamp(chance, 0, 0.08)) {
-          this.startWar(a, b);
-          started = true;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  borderFriction(a, b, distance) {
-    if (!Number.isFinite(distance)) return 0;
-    const proximity = clamp((34 - distance) / 34, 0, 1);
-    const aCities = this.getPolityCities(a).length;
-    const bCities = this.getPolityCities(b).length;
-    const sizePressure = clamp((aCities + bCities - 3) / 8, 0, 1);
-    return proximity * (0.35 + sizePressure * 0.65);
-  }
-
-  updateWars() {
-    if (this.year % years(2) !== 0) return;
-
-    for (const war of this.wars) {
-      if (war.ended !== null) continue;
-
-      const a = this.getPolityById(war.aPolityId);
-      const b = this.getPolityById(war.bPolityId);
-
-      if (!a || !b) {
-        this.endWar(war);
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      this.applyWarPressure(war, a, b);
-      this.applyWarPressure(war, b, a);
-      this.applyWarExhaustion(war, a, b);
-      this.maybeEndWar(war);
-    }
-
-    this.wars = this.wars.filter(w => w.ended === null);
-  }
-
-  applyWarPressure(war, attacker, defender) {
-    const attackerCities = this.getPolityCities(attacker);
-    const defenderCities = this.getPolityCities(defender);
-    if (!attackerCities.length || !defenderCities.length) return;
-
-    const attackerPower = this.polityPower(attacker);
-    const defenderPower = this.polityPower(defender);
-    if (attackerPower <= defenderPower * 1.05) return;
-
-    const range = this.polityInfluenceRange(attacker, true);
-
-    const candidates = defenderCities
-      .filter(city => city.id !== defender.centerCityId || defenderCities.length <= 2)
-      .map(city => ({
-        city,
-        distance: this.distanceToNearestPolityCity(attacker, city)
-      }))
-      .filter(x => x.distance <= range)
-      .sort((a, b) => a.distance - b.distance);
-
-    if (!candidates.length) return;
-
-    const topCandidates = candidates.slice(0, 3);
-    const selected = topCandidates[this.rng.int(topCandidates.length)];
-    const pressure = this.warAbsorptionPressure(
-      attacker,
-      defender,
-      selected.city,
-      selected.distance,
-      attackerPower,
-      defenderPower
-    );
-
-    const chance = clamp(pressure * 0.065 * (war.intensity || 0.75), 0.01, 0.45);
-
-    if (pressure > 0.95 && this.rng.next() < chance) {
-      this.captureCityInWar(selected.city, attacker, defender, war, pressure);
-    } else {
-      selected.city.loyalty = clamp((selected.city.loyalty ?? 0.5) - pressure * 0.012, 0, 1);
-    }
-  }
-
-  warAbsorptionPressure(attacker, defender, city, distance, attackerPower, defenderPower) {
-    const powerRatio = attackerPower / Math.max(1, defenderPower);
-    const proximity = 1 / (1 + distance * 0.055);
-    const defenderInstability = this.polityInstability ? this.polityInstability(defender) : 0;
-    const defenderAge = this.polityAgePressure ? this.polityAgePressure(defender) : 0;
-    const defenderOverextension = this.polityOverextension ? this.polityOverextension(defender) : 0;
-    const loyaltyWeakness = 1 - clamp(city.loyalty ?? 0.5, 0, 1);
-
-    const techAdvantage = 1 + clamp(
-      this.averagePolityTechnology(attacker) - this.averagePolityTechnology(defender),
-      -0.25,
-      0.45
-    );
-
-    const nearest = this.nearestPolityCity(attacker, city);
-    const ethnicityFactor = nearest && this.sameDominantEthnicity(city, nearest) ? 1.10 : 0.92;
-    const tradeFactor = nearest && this.hasDirectTradeConnection && this.hasDirectTradeConnection(nearest, city) ? 1.15 : 1.0;
-
-    return (
-      powerRatio *
-      proximity *
-      techAdvantage *
-      ethnicityFactor *
-      tradeFactor *
-      (1 + defenderInstability * 0.32) *
-      (1 + defenderAge * 0.18) *
-      (1 + defenderOverextension * 0.14) *
-      (0.65 + loyaltyWeakness * 0.72)
-    );
-  }
-
-  captureCityInWar(city, attacker, defender, war, pressure) {
-    const lossRate = clamp(
-      0.04 + pressure * 0.025 + (war.intensity || 0.75) * 0.025,
-      0.05,
-      0.22
-    );
-
-    const loss = Math.floor((city.population || 0) * lossRate);
-    if (loss > 0) {
-      city.population = Math.max(1, city.population - loss);
-      if (typeof removeFromComposition === "function" && city.ethnicityComposition) {
-        removeFromComposition(city.ethnicityComposition, loss);
-      }
-      this.deaths += Math.floor(loss * 0.35);
-    }
-
-    this.removeCityFromPolity(city);
-    this.addCityToPolity(city, attacker, 0.28);
-
-    city.loyalty = clamp(city.loyalty ?? 0.28, 0.20, 0.36);
-
-    war.lastActionYear = this.year;
-
-    if (war.aPolityId === attacker.id) {
-      war.exhaustionA = clamp((war.exhaustionA || 0) + 0.04, 0, 1);
-      war.exhaustionB = clamp((war.exhaustionB || 0) + 0.08, 0, 1);
-    } else {
-      war.exhaustionB = clamp((war.exhaustionB || 0) + 0.04, 0, 1);
-      war.exhaustionA = clamp((war.exhaustionA || 0) + 0.08, 0, 1);
-    }
-
-    attacker.treasury = Math.max(0, (attacker.treasury || 0) - loss * 0.015);
-    attacker.crisis = clamp((attacker.crisis || 0) + 0.035, 0, 1.5);
-
-    defender.crisis = clamp((defender.crisis || 0) + 0.12, 0, 1.5);
-    defender.legitimacy = clamp((defender.legitimacy ?? 0.7) - 0.05, 0, 1);
-  }
-
-  applyWarExhaustion(war, a, b) {
-    const intensity = war.intensity || 0.75;
-
-    const costA = 0.25 * intensity + this.getPolityCities(a).length * 0.035;
-    const costB = 0.25 * intensity + this.getPolityCities(b).length * 0.035;
-
-    a.treasury = Math.max(0, (a.treasury || 0) - costA);
-    b.treasury = Math.max(0, (b.treasury || 0) - costB);
-
-    a.crisis = clamp((a.crisis || 0) + 0.004 * intensity, 0, 1.5);
-    b.crisis = clamp((b.crisis || 0) + 0.004 * intensity, 0, 1.5);
-
-    war.exhaustionA = clamp((war.exhaustionA || 0) + 0.006 * intensity, 0, 1);
-    war.exhaustionB = clamp((war.exhaustionB || 0) + 0.006 * intensity, 0, 1);
-  }
-
-  maybeEndWar(war) {
-    const a = this.getPolityById(war.aPolityId);
-    const b = this.getPolityById(war.bPolityId);
-    if (!a || !b) {
-      this.endWar(war);
-      return;
-    }
-
-    const age = this.year - war.started;
-    const noActionFor = this.year - war.lastActionYear;
-    const exhaustion = Math.max(war.exhaustionA || 0, war.exhaustionB || 0);
-
-    if (age > years(90)) {
-      this.endWar(war);
-      return;
-    }
-
-    if (age > years(10) && noActionFor > years(18)) {
-      this.endWar(war);
-      return;
-    }
-
-    if (exhaustion > 0.85 && this.rng.next() < 0.35) {
-      this.endWar(war);
-    }
-  }
-
-  collectAndRedistributeResources() {
-    for (const polity of this.polities) {
-      const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
-      const centerId = polity.centerCityId;
-      for (const city of cities) city.receivedAid = false;
-      for (const city of cities) {
-        if (city.id === centerId) continue;
-        const tax = city.storedResources * 0.035;
-        city.storedResources -= tax;
-        polity.treasury += tax;
-      }
-      const agePressure = this.polityAgePressure(polity);
-      const overextension = this.polityOverextension(polity);
-      const adminCost =
-        cities.length * 0.24 +
-        overextension * 1.1 +
-        agePressure * cities.length * 0.18;
-      polity.treasury -= adminCost;
-      if (polity.treasury < 0) {
-        const deficit = Math.abs(polity.treasury);
-        polity.treasury = 0;
-        polity.crisis = clamp((polity.crisis || 0) + deficit * 0.012, 0, 1.5);
-      }
-
-      const maintenance = Math.pow(cities.length, 1.12) * 0.10;
-      if (maintenance > 0) {
-        const center = this.getCityById(centerId);
-        const treasuryPayment = Math.min(polity.treasury, maintenance);
-        polity.treasury -= treasuryPayment;
-        const unpaid = maintenance - treasuryPayment;
-        if (unpaid > 0 && center) {
-          const paidByCenter = this.drainCityResources(center, unpaid);
-          if (paidByCenter < unpaid) {
-            for (const city of cities) {
-              if (city.id !== centerId) city.loyalty = clamp(city.loyalty - 0.012, 0, 1);
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      const poorCount = Math.ceil(cities.length * 0.1);
-      const poorest = [...cities]
-        .sort((a, b) => (a.storedResources / Math.max(1, a.population)) - (b.storedResources / Math.max(1, b.population)))
-        .slice(0, poorCount);
-      for (const city of poorest) {
-        const target = city.population * 0.08;
-        const need = target - city.storedResources;
-        if (need > 0 && polity.treasury > 0) {
-          const aid = Math.min(need, polity.treasury);
-          city.storedResources += aid;
-          polity.treasury -= aid;
-          city.receivedAid = true;
-          city.loyalty = clamp(city.loyalty + 0.05, 0, 1);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  erodePolityLegitimacy() {
-    for (const polity of this.polities) {
-      const agePressure = this.polityAgePressure(polity);
-      const resourceStress = this.polityResourceStress(polity);
-      const overextension = this.polityOverextension(polity);
-      const erosion =
-        0.0015 +
-        agePressure * 0.003 +
-        resourceStress * 0.003 +
-        overextension * 0.0015;
-
-      polity.legitimacy = clamp((polity.legitimacy ?? 0.7) - erosion, 0, 1);
-      polity.cohesion = clamp((polity.cohesion ?? 0.6) - erosion * 0.45, 0, 1);
-
-      const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
-      if (this.polityAge(polity) < 80 && polity.treasury > cities.length * 10) {
-        polity.legitimacy = clamp(polity.legitimacy + 0.008, 0, 1);
-        polity.cohesion = clamp(polity.cohesion + 0.005, 0, 1);
-      }
-
-      polity.crisis = clamp((polity.crisis || 0) * 0.88, 0, 1.5);
-    }
-  }
-
-  triggerPolityCrises() {
-    for (const polity of this.polities) {
-      const age = this.polityAge(polity);
-      if (age < 140) continue;
-      if ((this.year - (polity.lastCrisisYear ?? 0)) / MONTHS_PER_YEAR < 160) continue;
-
-      const instability = this.polityInstability(polity);
-      const agePressure = this.polityAgePressure(polity);
-      const chance = 0.006 + agePressure * 0.018 + instability * 0.014;
-      if (this.rng.next() >= chance) continue;
-
-      polity.lastCrisisYear = this.year;
-      const severity = clamp(
-        0.08 +
-        agePressure * this.rng.range(0.08, 0.20) +
-        instability * this.rng.range(0.05, 0.16),
-        0.05,
-        0.36
-      );
-
-      polity.crisis = clamp((polity.crisis || 0) + severity, 0, 1.5);
-      polity.legitimacy = clamp((polity.legitimacy ?? 0.7) - severity * 0.30, 0, 1);
-      polity.cohesion = clamp((polity.cohesion ?? 0.6) - severity * 0.18, 0, 1);
-
-      const center = this.getCityById(polity.centerCityId);
-      for (const city of this.getPolityCities(polity)) {
-        if (city.id === polity.centerCityId) continue;
-        const distance = center ? this.effectiveDistance(center, city) : 40;
-        const distanceFactor = clamp(distance / 40, 0.25, 1);
-        city.loyalty = clamp(city.loyalty - severity * distanceFactor, 0, 1);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  applyOldStateStress() {
-    for (const polity of this.polities) {
-      const age = this.polityAge(polity);
-      if (age < 1000) continue;
-
-      const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
-      if (cities.length <= 1) continue;
-
-      const oldAge = clamp((age - 1000) / 1000, 0, 1);
-      polity.legitimacy = clamp((polity.legitimacy ?? 0.7) - oldAge * 0.018, 0, 1);
-      polity.cohesion = clamp((polity.cohesion ?? 0.6) - oldAge * 0.012, 0, 1);
-      polity.crisis = clamp((polity.crisis || 0) + oldAge * 0.035, 0, 1.5);
-
-      const center = this.getCityById(polity.centerCityId);
-      for (const city of cities) {
-        if (city.id === polity.centerCityId) continue;
-        const distance = center ? this.effectiveDistance(center, city) : 40;
-        const distanceFactor = clamp(distance / 35, 0.2, 1);
-        city.loyalty = clamp(city.loyalty - oldAge * distanceFactor * 0.045, 0, 1);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  updateCityLoyalty() {
-    for (const polity of this.polities) {
-      const center = this.getCityById(polity.centerCityId);
-      if (!center) continue;
-      center.loyalty = 1;
-      const instability = this.polityInstability(polity);
-      const agePressure = this.polityAgePressure(polity);
-      const overextension = this.polityOverextension(polity);
-      const logisticsStress = this.polityLogisticsStress(polity);
-      for (const city of this.getPolityCities(polity)) {
-        if (city.id === center.id) continue;
-        const perCapita = city.storedResources / Math.max(1, city.population);
-        const distance = this.effectiveDistance(city, center);
-        let delta = 0;
-        delta += clamp((perCapita - 0.10) * 0.07, -0.025, 0.045);
-        delta += this.sameDominantEthnicity(city, center) ? 0.03 : -0.012;
-        delta += clamp(0.045 - distance * 0.0011, -0.025, 0.045);
-        if (this.hasDirectTradeConnection(city, center)) delta += 0.025;
-        if (city.receivedAid) delta += 0.04;
-        delta -= 0.004;
-        if (city.storedResources < city.population * 0.05) delta -= 0.035;
-        delta -= (city.supplyStress || 0) * 0.018;
-        delta -= instability * 0.020;
-        delta -= agePressure * 0.010;
-        delta -= overextension * clamp(distance / 48, 0, 1) * 0.014;
-        delta -= logisticsStress * clamp(distance / 42, 0.25, 1) * 0.018;
-        if ((polity.legitimacy ?? 0.7) < 0.25) delta -= 0.020;
-        if ((polity.crisis || 0) > 0.6) delta -= 0.014;
-        city.loyalty = clamp(city.loyalty + delta, 0, 1);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  splitUnloyalCities() {
-    for (const polity of this.polities) {
-      const instability = this.polityInstability(polity);
-      const agePressure = this.polityAgePressure(polity);
-      const threshold = clamp(0.14 + instability * 0.05 + agePressure * 0.03, 0.14, 0.28);
-      for (const city of this.getPolityCities(polity)) {
-        if (city.id === polity.centerCityId || city.loyalty >= threshold) continue;
-        const chance =
-          (threshold - city.loyalty) * 0.28 +
-          instability * 0.012 +
-          agePressure * 0.010;
-        if (this.rng.next() < chance) this.removeCityFromPolity(city);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  detectPolityFamines() {
-    const minimumFood = SimConfig.polity?.minimumPerCapitaFood ?? 0.06;
-    for (const polity of this.polities) {
-      const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
-      if (!cities.length) continue;
-      let poorCities = 0;
-      let totalFood = 0;
-      let totalPopulation = 0;
-      for (const city of cities) {
-        const population = Math.max(1, city.population || 0);
-        const perCapita = (city.storedResources || 0) / population;
-        if (perCapita < minimumFood) poorCities++;
-        totalFood += city.storedResources || 0;
-        totalPopulation += population;
-      }
-      const poorRate = poorCities / cities.length;
-      const avgPerCapitaFood = totalFood / Math.max(1, totalPopulation);
-      const famine = (cities.length >= 2 && poorRate >= 0.45) || avgPerCapitaFood < 0.035;
-      if (!famine) continue;
-      if (polity.lastFamineYear && this.year - polity.lastFamineYear < years(60)) continue;
-      this.addPolityEvent(polity.id, "famine", this.year, {
-        poorRate,
-        avgPerCapitaFood
-      }, poorRate > 0.65 ? 3 : 2);
-      polity.lastFamineYear = this.year;
-    }
-  }
-
-  cleanupPolities() {
-    const survivors = [];
-    for (const polity of this.polities) {
-      const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
-      if (!cities.length) {
-        this.markPolityEnded(polity, "collapsed");
-        continue;
-      }
-      let center = this.getCityById(polity.centerCityId);
-      if (!center || center.population <= 0) {
-        const oldCenterCityId = polity.centerCityId;
-        center = cities.reduce((best, city) => this.cityInfluence(city) > this.cityInfluence(best) ? city : best, cities[0]);
-        polity.centerCityId = center.id;
-        center.loyalty = 1;
-        if (oldCenterCityId !== center.id) {
-          this.addPolityEvent(polity.id, "capitalShift", this.year, {
-            oldCenterCityId,
-            newCenterCityId: center.id
-          }, 2);
-        }
-        polity.treasury *= 0.5;
-        polity.legitimacy = clamp((polity.legitimacy ?? 0.7) - 0.22, 0, 1);
-        polity.cohesion = clamp((polity.cohesion ?? 0.6) - 0.16, 0, 1);
-        polity.crisis = clamp((polity.crisis || 0) + 0.35, 0, 1.5);
-        polity.lastCrisisYear = this.year;
-        for (const city of cities) {
-          if (city.id !== center.id) city.loyalty = clamp(city.loyalty - 0.18, 0, 1);
-        }
-        const history = this.ensurePolityHistory(polity);
-        if (history) history.centerCityId = center.id;
-      }
-      if (cities.length === 1) {
-        this.markPolityEnded(polity, "fragmented");
-        cities[0].polityId = null;
-        cities[0].loyalty = 0.45;
-        cities[0].receivedAid = false;
-        continue;
-      }
-      survivors.push(polity);
-    }
-    this.polities = survivors;
-    this.rebuildIndexes();
-    const validPolities = new Set(this.polities.map(p => p.id));
-    for (const city of this.cities) {
-      if (city.polityId !== null && !validPolities.has(city.polityId)) {
-        city.polityId = null;
-        city.loyalty = 0.45;
-        city.receivedAid = false;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  updatePolities() {
-    if (this.year % years(1) !== 0) return;
-    this.cleanupPolities();
-    this.foundPolities();
-    this.expandPolities();
-
-    if (this.reinforcePolityTradeRoutes) this.reinforcePolityTradeRoutes();
-
-    this.collectAndRedistributeResources();
-    this.detectPolityFamines();
-
-    if (this.erodePolityLegitimacy) this.erodePolityLegitimacy();
-    if (this.triggerPolityCrises) this.triggerPolityCrises();
-    if (this.applyOldStateStress) this.applyOldStateStress();
-    if (this.updatePolityLeaders) this.updatePolityLeaders();
-
-    this.updateCityLoyalty();
-    this.absorbIndependentCities();
-    this.maybeStartWars();
-    this.updateWars();
-    this.splitUnloyalCities();
-
-    this.cleanupPolities();
-    if (this.samplePolityHistories) this.samplePolityHistories();
-  }
-
-  reinforcePolityTradeRoutes() {
-    const w = this.world;
-    for (const polity of this.polities) {
-      if (this.rng.next() > 0.48) continue;
-      const center = this.getCityById(polity.centerCityId);
-      if (!center) continue;
-      const candidates = this.getPolityCities(polity)
-        .filter(city => city.id !== center.id && !this.hasDirectTradeConnection(center, city))
-        .filter(city => this.distanceBetweenCities(center, city) <= 40)
-        .sort((a, b) => this.effectiveDistance(center, a) - this.effectiveDistance(center, b));
-      if (!candidates.length) continue;
-
-      const target = candidates[Math.min(candidates.length - 1, this.rng.int(Math.min(3, candidates.length)))];
-      const path = this.findTerrainRoute(center.x, center.y, target.x, target.y);
-      if (!this.isValidRoutePath(path, target.x, target.y)) continue;
-      const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
-      const roadCost = 8 + cities.length * 1.5 + this.polityOverextension(polity) * 3;
-      if ((polity.treasury || 0) < roadCost) {
-        polity.crisis = clamp((polity.crisis || 0) + 0.025, 0, 1.5);
-        continue;
-      }
-      polity.treasury -= roadCost;
-      if (!this.payRouteConstructionCost(center, target, path, polity)) continue;
-
-      center.tradeLinks.add(target.id);
-      target.tradeLinks.add(center.id);
-      this.tradeLinks.push({ from: center.id, to: target.id, strength: 0.22, path });
-      for (const tile of path) {
-        w.tradeRoute[tile] = Math.min(255, w.tradeRoute[tile] + 34);
-        w.pheromone[tile] += 2.4;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  updateTradeRoutes() {
-    const w = this.world;
-    for (let i = 0; i < w.count; i++) {
-      const invalidTerrain = w.terrain[i] === Terrain.WATER || w.move[i] > 2.2;
-      if (invalidTerrain) w.tradeRoute[i] = 0;
-      else if (w.tradeRoute[i] > 0 && this.year % years(4) === 0) w.tradeRoute[i] = Math.max(0, w.tradeRoute[i] - 2);
-    }
-
-    this.tradeLinks = [];
-    for (const city of this.cities) city.tradeLinks.clear();
-    const pairCandidates = [];
-    const maxPairsToRoute = clamp(this.cities.length * 7, 80, 1400);
-    const sqrtPop = new Map(this.cities.map(city => [city.id, Math.sqrt(city.population || 1)]));
-    for (let a = 0; a < this.cities.length; a++) {
-      for (let b = a + 1; b < this.cities.length; b++) {
-        const c1 = this.cities[a];
-        const c2 = this.cities[b];
-        const d = Math.abs(c1.x - c2.x) + Math.abs(c1.y - c2.y);
-        if (d > 44) continue;
-        const distanceFactor = clamp((d - 14) / 30, 0, 1);
-        const marketScale = clamp(((sqrtPop.get(c1.id) || 1) + (sqrtPop.get(c2.id) || 1)) / 34, 0.45, 2.1);
-        const routeBias = this.hasDirectTradeConnection(c1, c2) ? 0.25 : 0;
-        const preliminaryScore = marketScale * (1 + distanceFactor * 0.9) + routeBias;
-        pairCandidates.push({ c1, c2, d, distanceFactor, marketScale, preliminaryScore });
-      }
-    }
-    pairCandidates.sort((a, b) => b.preliminaryScore - a.preliminaryScore);
-
-    const candidates = [];
-    for (const pair of pairCandidates.slice(0, maxPairsToRoute)) {
-      const { c1, c2, distanceFactor, marketScale } = pair;
-      const path = this.findTerrainRoute(c1.x, c1.y, c2.x, c2.y);
-      if (!this.isValidRoutePath(path, c2.x, c2.y)) continue;
-      const strength = this.routeStrengthForPath(path);
-      if (strength < 0.08) continue;
-      if (!this.canPayRouteConstructionCost(c1, c2, path)) continue;
-      const tradeScore = strength * (1 + distanceFactor * 0.7) * marketScale;
-      candidates.push({ c1, c2, strength, path, tradeScore });
-    }
-
-    candidates.sort((a, b) => b.tradeScore - a.tradeScore);
-    const maxLinks = Math.max(1, Math.floor(this.cities.length / 2));
-    const supportedRoutes = new Set();
-    for (const candidate of candidates) {
-      if (this.tradeLinks.length >= maxLinks) break;
-      const { c1, c2, strength, path } = candidate;
-      const c1Limit = c1.population > 90 ? 3 : 2;
-      const c2Limit = c2.population > 90 ? 3 : 2;
-      if (c1.tradeLinks.size >= c1Limit || c2.tradeLinks.size >= c2Limit) continue;
-      if (!this.payRouteConstructionCost(c1, c2, path)) continue;
-      c1.tradeLinks.add(c2.id);
-      c2.tradeLinks.add(c1.id);
-      this.tradeLinks.push({ from: c1.id, to: c2.id, strength, path });
-      this.exchangeCityResources(c1, c2, strength, path);
-      for (const tile of path) {
-        supportedRoutes.add(tile);
-        w.tradeRoute[tile] = Math.min(255, w.tradeRoute[tile] + 18);
-      }
-    }
-
-    for (let i = 0; i < w.count; i++) {
-      if (w.tradeRoute[i] && !supportedRoutes.has(i)) w.tradeRoute[i] = Math.max(0, w.tradeRoute[i] - 4);
-    }
-    this.activeTradeRouteTiles = new Set();
-    for (let i = 0; i < w.count; i++) {
-      if (w.tradeRoute[i]) this.activeTradeRouteTiles.add(i);
-    }
-    this.diffuseCityKnowledgeThroughTrade();
-  }
-
-  diffuseCityKnowledgeThroughTrade() {
-    for (const link of this.tradeLinks) {
-      const a = this.getCityById(link.from);
-      const b = this.getCityById(link.to);
-      if (!a || !b) continue;
-      a.knowledge ??= { farming: 0, metallurgy: 0 };
-      b.knowledge ??= { farming: 0, metallurgy: 0 };
-      const rate = clamp(SimConfig.technology.tradeDiffusion * (0.5 + link.strength), 0, 0.012);
-      const farmingDelta = (a.knowledge.farming - b.knowledge.farming) * rate;
-      const metallurgyDelta = (a.knowledge.metallurgy - b.knowledge.metallurgy) * rate;
-      a.knowledge.farming = clamp(a.knowledge.farming - farmingDelta, 0, 1);
-      b.knowledge.farming = clamp(b.knowledge.farming + farmingDelta, 0, 1);
-      a.knowledge.metallurgy = clamp(a.knowledge.metallurgy - metallurgyDelta, 0, 1);
-      b.knowledge.metallurgy = clamp(b.knowledge.metallurgy + metallurgyDelta, 0, 1);
-    }
-  }
-
-  findTerrainRoute(x1, y1, x2, y2) {
-    const w = this.world;
-    const path = [];
-    const visited = new Set();
-    let x = x1;
-    let y = y1;
-    const maxSteps = Math.min(w.size * 2, Math.abs(x1 - x2) + Math.abs(y1 - y2) + 60);
-    const directions = [
-      [1, 0],
-      [-1, 0],
-      [0, 1],
-      [0, -1]
-    ];
-
-    for (let step = 0; step < maxSteps; step++) {
-      const current = w.idx(x, y);
-      path.push(current);
-      visited.add(current);
-      if (x === x2 && y === y2) break;
-
-      let bestX = x;
-      let bestY = y;
-      let bestScore = Infinity;
-      for (const [dx, dy] of directions) {
-        const nx = x + dx;
-        const ny = y + dy;
-        if (nx < 0 || ny < 0 || nx >= w.size || ny >= w.size) continue;
-        const i = w.idx(nx, ny);
-        const terrainCost = w.move[i] + (w.terrain[i] === Terrain.WATER ? 8 : 0) + (w.terrain[i] === Terrain.MOUNTAIN ? 2.2 : 0);
-        const revisitCost = visited.has(i) ? 5 : 0;
-        const routeEase = w.tradeRoute[i] ? -2 : 0;
-        const pheromoneEase = -clamp(w.pheromone[i] / 12, 0, 1.4);
-        const distance = Math.abs(nx - x2) + Math.abs(ny - y2);
-        const score = distance * 1.4 + terrainCost * 1.65 + revisitCost + routeEase + pheromoneEase;
-        if (score < bestScore) {
-          bestScore = score;
-          bestX = nx;
-          bestY = ny;
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (bestX === x && bestY === y) break;
-      x = bestX;
-      y = bestY;
-    }
-    return path;
-  }
-
-  routeStrengthForPath(path) {
-    const w = this.world;
-    if (!path.length) return 0;
-    let route = 0;
-    let pheromone = 0;
-    let terrainEase = 0;
-    for (const i of path) {
-      route += w.tradeRoute[i] > 0 ? 1 : 0;
-      pheromone += clamp(w.pheromone[i] / 9, 0, 1);
-      terrainEase += 1 / Math.max(1, w.move[i]);
-    }
-    return route / path.length * 0.45 + pheromone / path.length * 0.35 + terrainEase / path.length * 0.2;
-  }
-
-  isValidRoutePath(path, targetX, targetY) {
-    const w = this.world;
-    if (!path.length) return false;
-    const last = path[path.length - 1];
-    if (last % w.size !== targetX || Math.floor(last / w.size) !== targetY) return false;
-    if (path.length > 42) return false;
-
-    let totalCost = 0;
-    let hardTiles = 0;
-    const seen = new Set();
-    for (const tile of path) {
-      if (seen.has(tile)) return false;
-      seen.add(tile);
-      if (w.terrain[tile] === Terrain.WATER) return false;
-      totalCost += w.move[tile];
-      if (w.move[tile] > 1.8) hardTiles++;
-    }
-    return totalCost / path.length <= 1.55 && hardTiles / path.length <= 0.12;
-  }
-
-  exchangeCityResources(a, b, strength, path) {
-    const delta = (a.storedResources - b.storedResources) * 0.018 * strength;
-    a.storedResources -= delta;
-    b.storedResources += delta;
-    const traffic = Math.min(0.8, strength * 0.26);
-    this.depositRoutePheromone(path, traffic);
-  }
-
-  routeConstructionCost(path, polityBacked = false) {
-    let weakTiles = 0;
-    for (const tile of path) {
-      if (this.world.tradeRoute[tile] < 24) weakTiles++;
-    }
-    return weakTiles * (polityBacked ? 0.22 : 0.16);
-  }
-
-  canPayRouteConstructionCost(cityA, cityB, path, polity = null) {
-    const cost = this.routeConstructionCost(path, !!polity);
-    if (cost <= 0) return true;
-    return cityA.storedResources + cityB.storedResources + (polity?.treasury || 0) >= cost;
-  }
-
-  payRouteConstructionCost(cityA, cityB, path, polity = null) {
-    const cost = this.routeConstructionCost(path, !!polity);
-    if (cost <= 0) return true;
-    if (!this.canPayRouteConstructionCost(cityA, cityB, path, polity)) return false;
-
-    let remaining = cost;
-    if (polity) {
-      const treasuryPayment = Math.min(polity.treasury, cost * 0.65);
-      polity.treasury -= treasuryPayment;
-      remaining -= treasuryPayment;
-    }
-
-    const half = remaining * 0.5;
-    const paidA = this.drainCityResources(cityA, half);
-    const paidB = this.drainCityResources(cityB, half);
-    remaining -= paidA + paidB;
-    if (remaining > 0) remaining -= this.drainCityResources(cityA.storedResources >= cityB.storedResources ? cityA : cityB, remaining);
-    if (remaining > 0 && polity) {
-      const treasuryPayment = Math.min(polity.treasury, remaining);
-      polity.treasury -= treasuryPayment;
-      remaining -= treasuryPayment;
-    }
-    return remaining <= 0.001;
-  }
-
-  drainCityResources(city, amount) {
-    const paid = Math.min(city.storedResources, amount);
-    city.storedResources -= paid;
-    return paid;
-  }
-
-  depositRoutePheromone(path, amount) {
-    const w = this.world;
-    for (const i of path) {
-      w.pheromone[i] += amount;
-    }
-  }
-
-  updateEthnicStats() {
-    for (const e of this.ethnicities.values()) {
-      e.population = 0;
-      e.diversity = 0;
-      e.centroidX = 0;
-      e.centroidY = 0;
-      e.activeTraitPopulation = 0;
-      e.traitSums = emptyTraitSums();
-    }
-
-    for (const a of this.agents) {
-      const e = this.ethnicities.get(a.ethnicity);
-      if (!e) continue;
-      e.population++;
-      e.centroidX += a.x;
-      e.centroidY += a.y;
-      e.activeTraitPopulation++;
-      addTraits(e.traitSums, a.traits);
-    }
-
-    for (const city of this.cities) {
-      for (const [id, count] of city.ethnicityComposition) {
-        const e = this.ethnicities.get(id);
-        if (!e) continue;
-        e.population += count;
-        e.centroidX += city.x * count;
-        e.centroidY += city.y * count;
-      }
-    }
-
-    for (const e of this.ethnicities.values()) {
-      if (!e.population) continue;
-      e.centroidX /= e.population;
-      e.centroidY /= e.population;
-      const activeTraitCount = Math.max(1, e.activeTraitPopulation);
-      e.averageTraits = averageTraits(e.traitSums, activeTraitCount);
-    }
-
-    for (const a of this.agents) {
-      const e = this.ethnicities.get(a.ethnicity);
-      if (e?.averageTraits) e.diversity += traitDistance(a.traits, e.averageTraits);
-    }
-
-    for (const e of this.ethnicities.values()) {
-      if (e.population) e.diversity /= e.population;
-    }
-  }
-
-  splitDivergentEthnicities() {
-    for (const e of this.ethnicities.values()) {
-      if (e.activeTraitPopulation < 24 || e.population < 40 || e.diversity < 0.14) continue;
-      const candidates = [];
-      let tempSum = 0;
-      let humidSum = 0;
-      for (const a of this.agents) {
-        if (a.ethnicity !== e.id) continue;
-        const far = traitDistance(a.traits, e.averageTraits) > e.diversity * 0.95;
-        const spatial = Math.hypot(a.x - e.centroidX, a.y - e.centroidY) > this.world.size * 0.09;
-        const tile = this.world.idx(a.x, a.y);
-        const climate = this.climateMismatch(e.id, tile) > 0.18;
-        if ((far || spatial || climate) && this.rng.next() < 0.72) {
-          candidates.push(a);
-          tempSum += this.world.temperature[tile];
-          humidSum += this.world.humidity[tile];
-        }
-      }
-      if (candidates.length >= 6) {
-        const newId = this.createEthnicity(e.id, {
-          temperature: tempSum / candidates.length,
-          humidity: humidSum / candidates.length
-        });
-        for (const a of candidates) a.ethnicity = newId;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  toJSON() {
-    return {
-      version: SimConfig.save.version,
-      rngSeed: this.rng.seed,
-      year: this.year,
-      deaths: this.deaths,
-      nextEthnicity: this.nextEthnicity,
-      nextCity: this.nextCity,
-      nextPolity: this.nextPolity,
-      nextWar: this.nextWar,
-      nextDisaster: this.nextDisaster,
-      maxAgents: this.maxAgents,
-      world: {
-        size: this.world.size,
-        terrain: packArray(this.world.terrain),
-        resource: packArray(this.world.resource),
-        regen: packArray(this.world.regen),
-        move: packArray(this.world.move),
-        fertility: packArray(this.world.fertility),
-        mineral: packArray(this.world.mineral),
-        temperature: packArray(this.world.temperature),
-        humidity: packArray(this.world.humidity),
-        pheromone: packArray(this.world.pheromone),
-        tradeRoute: packArray(this.world.tradeRoute),
-        farmland: packArray(this.world.farmland),
-        cityPull: packArray(this.world.cityPull),
-        city: packArray(this.world.city),
-        pressure: packArray(this.world.pressure),
-        dominantEthnicity: packArray(this.world.dominantEthnicity),
-        cultureDiversity: packArray(this.world.cultureDiversity)
-      },
-      agents: this.agents,
-      ethnicities: [...this.ethnicities.values()].map(e => ({
-        id: e.id,
-        parent: e.parent,
-        born: e.born,
-        climateTemp: e.climateTemp,
-        climateHumidity: e.climateHumidity,
-        color: e.color
-      })),
-      cities: this.cities.map(c => ({
-        ...c,
-        ethnicityComposition: [...c.ethnicityComposition],
-        tradeLinks: [...c.tradeLinks]
-      })),
-      polities: this.polities.map(p => ({
-        id: p.id,
-        centerCityId: p.centerCityId,
-        cityIds: [...p.cityIds],
-        treasury: p.treasury,
-        color: p.color,
-        founded: p.founded,
-        legitimacy: p.legitimacy,
-        cohesion: p.cohesion,
-        charisma: p.charisma,
-        leaderStarted: p.leaderStarted,
-        leaderTenureYears: p.leaderTenureYears,
-        crisis: p.crisis,
-        lastCrisisYear: p.lastCrisisYear,
-        lastFamineYear: p.lastFamineYear ?? null
-      })),
-      wars: this.wars,
-      disasters: this.disasters,
-      disasterHistory: this.disasterHistory,
-      polityHistory: [...this.polityHistory.values()],
-      deadPolityHistories: this.deadPolityHistories
-    };
-  }
-
-  static fromJSON(state) {
-    if (!state?.world?.size) throw new Error("Invalid save payload");
-    const sim = new Simulation(state.world.size, 0, { blankWorld: true, skipSpawn: true });
-    sim.rng.seed = state.rngSeed >>> 0;
-    sim.year = state.year || 0;
-    sim.deaths = state.deaths || 0;
-    sim.nextEthnicity = state.nextEthnicity || 1;
-    sim.nextCity = state.nextCity || 1;
-    sim.nextPolity = state.nextPolity || 1;
-    sim.nextWar = state.nextWar || 1;
-    sim.nextDisaster = state.nextDisaster || 1;
-    sim.maxAgents = state.maxAgents || 30000;
-
-    sim.world.terrain.set(unpackArray(state.world.terrain, Uint8Array));
-    sim.world.resource.set(unpackArray(state.world.resource, Float32Array));
-    sim.world.regen.set(unpackArray(state.world.regen, Float32Array));
-    sim.world.move.set(unpackArray(state.world.move, Float32Array));
-    sim.world.fertility.set(unpackArray(state.world.fertility, Float32Array));
-    sim.world.mineral.set(unpackArray(state.world.mineral, Float32Array));
-    sim.world.temperature.set(unpackArray(state.world.temperature, Float32Array));
-    sim.world.humidity.set(unpackArray(state.world.humidity, Float32Array));
-    sim.world.pheromone.set(unpackArray(state.world.pheromone, Float32Array));
-    sim.world.tradeRoute.set(unpackArray(state.world.tradeRoute, Uint8Array));
-    sim.world.farmland.set(unpackArray(state.world.farmland, Float32Array));
-    sim.world.cityPull.set(unpackArray(state.world.cityPull, Float32Array));
-    sim.world.city.set(unpackArray(state.world.city, Int32Array));
-    if (state.world.pressure) sim.world.pressure.set(unpackArray(state.world.pressure, Float32Array));
-    if (state.world.dominantEthnicity) sim.world.dominantEthnicity.set(unpackArray(state.world.dominantEthnicity, Int32Array));
-    if (state.world.cultureDiversity) sim.world.cultureDiversity.set(unpackArray(state.world.cultureDiversity, Float32Array));
-
-    sim.agents = state.agents || [];
-    for (const a of sim.agents) sim.ensureAgentTech(a);
-    sim.ethnicities = new Map((state.ethnicities || []).map(e => [e.id, {
-      id: e.id,
-      parent: e.parent,
-      born: e.born,
-      population: 0,
-      diversity: 0,
-      climateTemp: e.climateTemp,
-      climateHumidity: e.climateHumidity,
-      color: e.color,
-      centroidX: 0,
-      centroidY: 0
-    }]));
-    sim.cities = (state.cities || []).map(c => ({
-      id: c.id,
-      x: c.x,
-      y: c.y,
-      population: c.population || 0,
-      storedResources: c.storedResources || 0,
-      ethnicityComposition: new Map(c.ethnicityComposition || []),
-      pheromoneOutput: c.pheromoneOutput || 0,
-      agriculturalRadius: c.agriculturalRadius || 2,
-      tradeLinks: new Set(c.tradeLinks || []),
-      activeVisitors: 0,
-      age: c.age || 0,
-      strength: c.strength || 1,
-      sedentaryCulture: c.sedentaryCulture ?? 0.5,
-      knowledge: {
-        farming: clamp(c.knowledge?.farming ?? 0, 0, 1),
-        metallurgy: clamp(c.knowledge?.metallurgy ?? 0, 0, 1)
-      },
-      supplyStress: c.supplyStress ?? 0,
-      polityId: c.polityId ?? null,
-      loyalty: c.loyalty ?? 0.5,
-      receivedAid: c.receivedAid ?? false,
-      tradeValue: c.tradeValue ?? 0,
-      tradeReach: c.tradeReach ?? 0
-    }));
-    sim.polities = (state.polities || []).map(p => ({
-      id: p.id,
-      centerCityId: p.centerCityId,
-      cityIds: new Set(p.cityIds || []),
-      treasury: p.treasury || 0,
-      color: p.color || hslToRgb((p.id * 0.38196601125) % 1, 0.58, 0.62),
-      founded: p.founded || 0,
-      legitimacy: p.legitimacy ?? 0.7,
-      cohesion: p.cohesion ?? 0.6,
-      charisma: clamp(p.charisma ?? 1, 0.5, 1.5),
-      leaderStarted: p.leaderStarted ?? p.founded ?? sim.year,
-      leaderTenureYears: clamp(p.leaderTenureYears ?? 48, 12, 96),
-      crisis: p.crisis ?? 0,
-      lastCrisisYear: p.lastCrisisYear ?? sim.year,
-      lastFamineYear: p.lastFamineYear ?? null
-    }));
-    sim.rebuildIndexes();
-    sim.wars = (state.wars || []).map(w => ({
-      id: w.id,
-      aPolityId: w.aPolityId,
-      bPolityId: w.bPolityId,
-      started: w.started || sim.year,
-      lastActionYear: w.lastActionYear || w.started || sim.year,
-      intensity: clamp(w.intensity ?? 0.75, 0.35, 1.25),
-      exhaustionA: clamp(w.exhaustionA ?? 0, 0, 1),
-      exhaustionB: clamp(w.exhaustionB ?? 0, 0, 1),
-      ended: w.ended ?? null
-    })).filter(w => w.ended === null);
-    const maxWarId = sim.wars.reduce((max, war) => Math.max(max, war.id || 0), 0);
-    sim.nextWar = Math.max(sim.nextWar, maxWarId + 1);
-    const restoreDisaster = d => ({
-      id: d.id,
-      year: d.year || 0,
-      x: d.x || 0,
-      y: d.y || 0,
-      radius: d.radius || 8,
-      intensity: d.intensity || 0.5,
-      expires: d.expires ?? ((d.year || 0) + years(18)),
-      affectedAgents: d.affectedAgents || 0,
-      affectedCities: d.affectedCities || 0,
-      totalPopulationLoss: d.totalPopulationLoss || 0,
-      affectedPolities: d.affectedPolities || []
-    });
-    sim.disasters = (state.disasters || []).map(restoreDisaster);
-    sim.disasterHistory = (state.disasterHistory || []).map(restoreDisaster);
-    const maxDisasterId = [...sim.disasters, ...sim.disasterHistory].reduce((max, disaster) => Math.max(max, disaster.id || 0), 0);
-    sim.nextDisaster = Math.max(sim.nextDisaster, maxDisasterId + 1);
-    sim.polityHistory = new Map((state.polityHistory || []).map(h => [h.id, {
-      id: h.id,
-      color: h.color || hslToRgb((h.id * 0.38196601125) % 1, 0.58, 0.62),
-      founded: h.founded || 0,
-      ended: h.ended ?? null,
-      active: h.active !== false,
-      centerCityId: h.centerCityId ?? null,
-      fate: h.fate || null,
-      samples: h.samples || [],
-      events: h.events || [],
-      peakPower: h.peakPower || 0,
-      peakYear: h.peakYear ?? null,
-      peakEventYear: h.peakEventYear ?? null
-    }]));
-    sim.deadPolityHistories = (state.deadPolityHistories || []).map(h => ({
-      id: h.id,
-      color: h.color || hslToRgb((h.id * 0.38196601125) % 1, 0.58, 0.62),
-      founded: h.founded || 0,
-      ended: h.ended ?? null,
-      active: false,
-      centerCityId: h.centerCityId ?? null,
-      fate: h.fate || null,
-      samples: h.samples || [],
-      events: h.events || [],
-      peakPower: h.peakPower || 0,
-      peakYear: h.peakYear ?? null,
-      peakEventYear: h.peakEventYear ?? null
-    }));
-    for (const polity of sim.polities) sim.ensurePolityHistory(polity);
-    sim.tradeLinks = [];
-    sim.activeTradeRouteTiles = new Set();
-    sim.rebuildOccupancy();
-    sim.updateTradeRoutes();
-    sim.cleanupPolities();
-    sim.updateEthnicStats();
-    return sim;
-  }
+constructor(size, initialAgents, options = {}) {
+this.rng = new Rng(Date.now());
+this.world = options.blankWorld ? World.blank(size, this.rng) : new World(size, this.rng);
+this.agents = [];
+this.ethnicities = new Map();
+this.cities = [];
+this.cityById = new Map();
+this.cityBuckets = new Map();
+this.polities = [];
+this.polityById = new Map();
+this.wars = [];
+this.disasters = [];
+this.disasterHistory = [];
+this.polityHistory = new Map();
+this.deadPolityHistories = [];
+this.tradeLinks = [];
+this.activeTradeRouteTiles = new Set();
+this.ethnicDensityCache = new Map();
+this.dominantEthnicityCache = new Map();
+this.nextEthnicity = 1;
+this.nextCity = 1;
+this.nextPolity = 1;
+this.nextWar = 1;
+this.nextDisaster = 1;
+this.year = 0;
+this.deaths = 0;
+this.maxAgents = Math.max(
+Math.floor(initialAgents * SimConfig.population.maxAgentsScale),
+SimConfig.population.maxAgentsFloor
+);
+this.tileEthnicities = new Map();
+this.tileAgents = new Map();
+if (!options.skipSpawn) {
+this.spawnInitialAgents(initialAgents);
+this.rebuildOccupancy();
+this.updateEthnicStats();
+}
+}
+spawnInitialAgents(count) {
+const founders = Math.max(5, Math.min(16, Math.round(count / 180)));
+const desertFounders = Math.max(2, Math.floor(founders * 0.25));
+for (let e = 0; e < founders; e++) {
+const desertFounder = e < desertFounders;
+const origin = this.findHabitableTile(desertFounder ? Terrain.DESERT : null);
+const originTile = this.world.idx(origin.x, origin.y);
+const id = this.createEthnicity(0, {
+temperature: this.world.temperature[originTile],
+humidity: this.world.humidity[originTile]
+});
+const baseTraits = desertFounder ? this.desertFounderTraits() : this.randomTraits();
+for (let n = 0; n < Math.floor(count / founders); n++) {
+const spawn = this.findNearbySpawn(origin.x, origin.y, desertFounder ? Terrain.DESERT : null);
+this.agents.push(this.makeAgent(
+spawn.x,
+spawn.y,
+id,
+mutateTraits(baseTraits, this.rng, 0.07),
+desertFounder ? this.rng.range(18, 32) : this.rng.range(6, 15)
+));
+}
+}
+}
+createEthnicity(parent, climate = null) {
+const id = this.nextEthnicity++;
+this.ethnicities.set(id, {
+id,
+parent,
+born: this.year,
+population: 0,
+diversity: 0,
+climateTemp: climate?.temperature ?? 0.55,
+climateHumidity: climate?.humidity ?? 0.45,
+color: hslToRgb((id * 0.61803398875) % 1, 0.55, 0.56),
+centroidX: 0,
+centroidY: 0
+});
+return id;
+}
+randomTraits() {
+return {
+mobility: this.rng.range(0.18, 0.85),
+resourceAttraction: this.rng.range(0.55, 1),
+assimilation: this.rng.range(0.03, 0.34),
+ethnocentrism: this.rng.range(0.12, 0.78),
+reproductionThreshold: this.rng.range(19, 34),
+sedentary: this.rng.range(0.08, 0.82)
+};
+}
+desertFounderTraits() {
+const traits = this.randomTraits();
+traits.mobility = this.rng.range(0.48, 0.9);
+traits.resourceAttraction = this.rng.range(0.82, 1.12);
+traits.reproductionThreshold = this.rng.range(24, 38);
+traits.sedentary = this.rng.range(0.18, 0.58);
+return traits;
+}
+makeAgent(x, y, ethnicity, traits, resources) {
+return {
+x,
+y,
+resources,
+ethnicity,
+traits,
+alive: true,
+foreignContact: 0,
+contactEthnicity: ethnicity,
+settled: 0,
+movedThisStep: false,
+tech: {
+farming: 0,
+metallurgy: 0
+},
+farmingWork: 0,
+lastFarmTile: -1
+};
+}
+findNearbySpawn(originX, originY, preferredTerrain = null) {
+const w = this.world;
+let best = { x: originX, y: originY };
+let bestScore = -Infinity;
+for (let tries = 0; tries < 24; tries++) {
+const x = clamp(originX + this.rng.int(9) - 4, 0, w.size - 1);
+const y = clamp(originY + this.rng.int(9) - 4, 0, w.size - 1);
+const i = w.idx(x, y);
+if (w.terrain[i] === Terrain.WATER) continue;
+const preferred = preferredTerrain !== null && w.terrain[i] === preferredTerrain ? 1.5 : 0;
+const score = preferred + w.resource[i] * 0.04 + w.fertility[i] * 0.8 + w.mineral[i] * 0.25 - w.move[i] * 0.16;
+if (score > bestScore) {
+bestScore = score;
+best = { x, y };
+}
+}
+return best;
+}
+findHabitableTile(preferredTerrain = null) {
+if (preferredTerrain !== null) {
+const exact = [];
+let best = null;
+let bestScore = -Infinity;
+for (let i = 0; i < this.world.count; i++) {
+const x = i % this.world.size;
+const y = Math.floor(i / this.world.size);
+if (this.world.terrain[i] === preferredTerrain) {
+exact.push({ x, y });
+continue;
+}
+if (preferredTerrain === Terrain.DESERT && this.world.terrain[i] !== Terrain.WATER) {
+const score = this.world.temperature[i] * (1 - this.world.humidity[i]);
+if (score > bestScore) {
+bestScore = score;
+best = { x, y };
+}
+}
+}
+if (exact.length) return exact[this.rng.int(exact.length)];
+if (best) return best;
+}
+for (let tries = 0; tries < 5000; tries++) {
+const x = this.rng.int(this.world.size);
+const y = this.rng.int(this.world.size);
+const i = this.world.idx(x, y);
+if (this.world.terrain[i] !== Terrain.WATER && this.world.fertility[i] + this.world.mineral[i] > 0.5) {
+return { x, y };
+}
+}
+return { x: this.world.size >> 1, y: this.world.size >> 1 };
+}
+step() {
+for (const city of this.cities) city.activeVisitors = 0;
+this.rebuildOccupancy();
+this.ethnicDensityCache.clear();
+const offspring = [];
+for (const a of this.agents) {
+if (!a.alive) continue;
+this.moveAgent(a);
+}
+this.rebuildOccupancy();
+this.dominantEthnicityCache.clear();
+for (const a of this.agents) {
+if (!a.alive) continue;
+this.updateAgentTechnology(a);
+this.gatherConsumeReproduce(a, offspring);
+if (a.alive) this.payTechnologyCostOrForget(a);
+if (a.alive && this.shouldRunAgentSocial(a, 2)) this.resolveAssimilation(a);
+}
+this.agents = this.agents.filter(a => a.alive);
+const acceptedOffspring = this.agents.length + offspring.length < this.maxAgents
+? offspring
+: offspring.slice(0, Math.max(0, this.maxAgents - this.agents.length));
+this.agents.push(...acceptedOffspring);
+for (const child of acceptedOffspring) this.addAgentToOccupancy(child);
+if (this.year % 2 === 0) this.updateWorldFields(2);
+this.maybeSpawnDisaster();
+if (this.year % years(1) === 0) {
+this.updateCities();
+if (this.year % years(2) === 0) this.updateRegionalCultures();
+}
+if (this.year % years(5) === 0) {
+this.updateTradeRoutes();
+}
+this.updatePolities();
+this.updateEthnicStats();
+if (this.year % years(45) === 0) {
+this.splitDivergentEthnicities();
+this.updateEthnicStats();
+}
+this.year++;
+}
+rebuildOccupancy() {
+const w = this.world;
+w.pressure.fill(0);
+this.tileEthnicities.clear();
+this.tileAgents.clear();
+this.rebuildIndexes();
+for (const a of this.agents) {
+if (!a.alive) continue;
+const i = w.idx(a.x, a.y);
+w.pressure[i]++;
+let agents = this.tileAgents.get(i);
+if (!agents) {
+agents = [];
+this.tileAgents.set(i, agents);
+}
+agents.push(a);
+let counts = this.tileEthnicities.get(i);
+if (!counts) {
+counts = new Map();
+this.tileEthnicities.set(i, counts);
+}
+counts.set(a.ethnicity, (counts.get(a.ethnicity) || 0) + 1);
+}
+for (const tile of this.tileEthnicities.keys()) this.updateCultureTile(tile);
+}
+rebuildIndexes() {
+this.cityById = new Map(this.cities.map(city => [city.id, city]));
+this.polityById = new Map(this.polities.map(polity => [polity.id, polity]));
+this.cityBuckets = new Map();
+for (const city of this.cities) {
+const key = this.cityBucketKey(city.x, city.y);
+let bucket = this.cityBuckets.get(key);
+if (!bucket) {
+bucket = [];
+this.cityBuckets.set(key, bucket);
+}
+bucket.push(city);
+}
+}
+cityBucketKey(x, y) {
+return `${Math.floor(x / 8)},${Math.floor(y / 8)}`;
+}
+getCitiesNear(x, y, radius) {
+const cities = [];
+const minBx = Math.floor((x - radius) / 8);
+const maxBx = Math.floor((x + radius) / 8);
+const minBy = Math.floor((y - radius) / 8);
+const maxBy = Math.floor((y + radius) / 8);
+for (let by = minBy; by <= maxBy; by++) {
+for (let bx = minBx; bx <= maxBx; bx++) {
+const bucket = this.cityBuckets.get(`${bx},${by}`);
+if (!bucket) continue;
+for (const city of bucket) {
+if (Math.abs(city.x - x) + Math.abs(city.y - y) <= radius) cities.push(city);
+}
+}
+}
+return cities;
+}
+updateCultureTile(tile) {
+const counts = this.tileEthnicities.get(tile);
+if (!counts || !counts.size) {
+this.world.cultureDiversity[tile] *= 0.98;
+return;
+}
+let total = 0;
+let dominant = -1;
+let dominantCount = 0;
+for (const [id, count] of counts) {
+total += count;
+if (count > dominantCount) {
+dominant = id;
+dominantCount = count;
+}
+}
+this.world.dominantEthnicity[tile] = dominant;
+this.world.cultureDiversity[tile] = total > 0 ? 1 - dominantCount / total : 0;
+}
+updateRegionalCultures() {
+const w = this.world;
+const nextDominant = new Int32Array(w.dominantEthnicity);
+const nextDiversity = new Float32Array(w.cultureDiversity);
+const radius = SimConfig.culture.spreadRadius;
+const cityById = new Map(this.cities.map(city => [city.id, city]));
+for (let y = 0; y < w.size; y++) {
+for (let x = 0; x < w.size; x++) {
+const tile = w.idx(x, y);
+if (w.terrain[tile] === Terrain.WATER) continue;
+const influence = new Map();
+let total = 0;
+for (let dy = -radius; dy <= radius; dy++) {
+for (let dx = -radius; dx <= radius; dx++) {
+const distance = Math.abs(dx) + Math.abs(dy);
+if (distance > radius) continue;
+const tx = x + dx;
+const ty = y + dy;
+if (tx < 0 || ty < 0 || tx >= w.size || ty >= w.size) continue;
+const source = w.idx(tx, ty);
+const id = w.dominantEthnicity[source];
+if (id < 0) continue;
+const pressureWeight = Math.sqrt(Math.max(0, w.pressure[source]));
+const cityWeight = w.city[source] >= 0
+? Math.sqrt(Math.max(1, cityById.get(w.city[source])?.population || 1)) * SimConfig.culture.cityWeight
+: 0;
+const routeWeight = w.tradeRoute[source] ? SimConfig.culture.routeWeight : 1;
+const weight = (pressureWeight + cityWeight) * routeWeight / (1 + distance);
+if (weight <= 0) continue;
+influence.set(id, (influence.get(id) || 0) + weight);
+total += weight;
+}
+}
+let bestId = nextDominant[tile];
+let bestWeight = 0;
+for (const [id, weight] of influence) {
+if (weight > bestWeight) {
+bestId = id;
+bestWeight = weight;
+}
+}
+if (bestWeight >= SimConfig.culture.minimumInfluence) {
+nextDominant[tile] = bestId;
+nextDiversity[tile] = total > 0 ? clamp(1 - bestWeight / total, 0, 1) : 0;
+}
+}
+}
+w.dominantEthnicity.set(nextDominant);
+w.cultureDiversity.set(nextDiversity);
+}
+addAgentToOccupancy(a) {
+if (!a.alive) return;
+const w = this.world;
+const i = w.idx(a.x, a.y);
+w.pressure[i]++;
+let agents = this.tileAgents.get(i);
+if (!agents) {
+agents = [];
+this.tileAgents.set(i, agents);
+}
+agents.push(a);
+let counts = this.tileEthnicities.get(i);
+if (!counts) {
+counts = new Map();
+this.tileEthnicities.set(i, counts);
+}
+counts.set(a.ethnicity, (counts.get(a.ethnicity) || 0) + 1);
+this.updateCultureTile(i);
+}
+removeAgentFromOccupancy(a) {
+const w = this.world;
+const i = w.idx(a.x, a.y);
+w.pressure[i] = Math.max(0, w.pressure[i] - 1);
+const agents = this.tileAgents.get(i);
+if (agents) {
+const index = agents.indexOf(a);
+if (index >= 0) agents.splice(index, 1);
+if (!agents.length) this.tileAgents.delete(i);
+}
+const counts = this.tileEthnicities.get(i);
+if (counts) {
+const next = (counts.get(a.ethnicity) || 0) - 1;
+if (next > 0) counts.set(a.ethnicity, next);
+else counts.delete(a.ethnicity);
+if (!counts.size) this.tileEthnicities.delete(i);
+}
+this.updateCultureTile(i);
+}
+changeAgentEthnicity(a, nextEthnicity) {
+if (a.ethnicity === nextEthnicity) return;
+const w = this.world;
+const i = w.idx(a.x, a.y);
+const counts = this.tileEthnicities.get(i);
+if (counts) {
+const prev = (counts.get(a.ethnicity) || 0) - 1;
+if (prev > 0) counts.set(a.ethnicity, prev);
+else counts.delete(a.ethnicity);
+counts.set(nextEthnicity, (counts.get(nextEthnicity) || 0) + 1);
+}
+a.ethnicity = nextEthnicity;
+this.updateCultureTile(i);
+}
+moveAgent(a) {
+const w = this.world;
+const s = w.size;
+const current = w.idx(a.x, a.y);
+const localPressure = w.pressure[current];
+let bestX = a.x;
+let bestY = a.y;
+let bestScore = -Infinity;
+const sedentary = getSedentary(a.traits);
+const ethnocentrism = getEthnocentrism(a.traits);
+const ethnicClimate = this.ethnicities.get(a.ethnicity);
+const waterAdaptation = ethnicClimate?.climateHumidity ?? 0.45;
+const localCapacity = this.carryingCapacityAt(current);
+const localOverCapacity = Math.max(0, localPressure - localCapacity);
+if (localOverCapacity <= 0.5 && localPressure < 7 && this.rng.next() < sedentary * 0.58) {
+a.settled++;
+a.movedThisStep = false;
+return;
+}
+const radius = a.traits.mobility > 0.62 && sedentary < 0.52 && this.rng.next() < 0.16 ? 2 : 1;
+for (let dy = -radius; dy <= radius; dy++) {
+for (let dx = -radius; dx <= radius; dx++) {
+const x = clamp(a.x + dx, 0, s - 1);
+const y = clamp(a.y + dy, 0, s - 1);
+const i = w.idx(x, y);
+const isWater = w.terrain[i] === Terrain.WATER;
+const canSail = waterAdaptation >= 0.82 && a.traits.mobility > 0.45;
+const waterAccess = canSail ? 0.82 + (w.tradeRoute[i] ? 0.08 : 0) : waterAdaptation * 0.18 + a.traits.mobility * 0.04 + (w.tradeRoute[i] ? 0.08 : 0);
+if (isWater && this.rng.next() > waterAccess) continue;
+const ethnicDensity = ethnocentrism > 0.04
+? this.ethnicDensityNear(x, y, a.ethnicity)
+: { same: 0, foreign: 0 };
+const cityPull = w.city[i] >= 0 ? 1.45 : w.cityPull[i];
+const routePull = (w.tradeRoute[i] ? 1.35 : clamp(w.pheromone[i] / 8, 0, 1)) * sedentary;
+const resourceScore = w.resource[i] * 0.12 + w.fertility[i] * 1.2 + w.mineral[i] * 0.42 + (isWater ? waterAdaptation * 0.35 : 0);
+const destinationCapacity = this.carryingCapacityAt(i);
+const destinationOverCapacity = Math.max(0, w.pressure[i] - destinationCapacity);
+const capacitySpace = clamp((destinationCapacity - w.pressure[i]) / Math.max(1, destinationCapacity), -1, 1);
+const crowdPenalty = destinationOverCapacity * (0.42 + a.traits.mobility * 0.85);
+const routeBonus = w.tradeRoute[i] ? 1.25 : 0;
+const waterPenalty = isWater ? (canSail ? 0.22 : 2.45 - waterAdaptation * 0.9) : 0;
+const terrainPenalty = w.move[i] * (0.8 - a.traits.mobility * 0.35) + waterPenalty - routeBonus;
+const inertia = dx === 0 && dy === 0 ? sedentary * 3.2 : 0;
+const pressurePush = localOverCapacity > 0 ? a.traits.mobility * (1.2 + localOverCapacity * 0.18 - sedentary * 0.45) : 0;
+const capacityPull = capacitySpace * (0.72 + a.traits.mobility * 0.45);
+const score =
+resourceScore * a.traits.resourceAttraction +
+w.pheromone[i] * 0.021 +
+ethnicDensity.same * ethnocentrism +
+cityPull * sedentary +
+routePull +
+capacityPull +
+inertia -
+terrainPenalty -
+crowdPenalty +
+pressurePush -
+ethnicDensity.foreign * ethnocentrism * 0.72 +
+this.rng.range(-0.55, 0.55);
+if (score > bestScore) {
+bestScore = score;
+bestX = x;
+bestY = y;
+}
+}
+}
+const from = w.idx(a.x, a.y);
+a.x = bestX;
+a.y = bestY;
+const to = w.idx(a.x, a.y);
+if (from !== to) {
+a.movedThisStep = true;
+a.farmingWork = 0;
+a.lastFarmTile = to;
+const depositScale = w.terrain[to] === Terrain.WATER ? 0.35 : 1;
+w.pheromone[from] += (w.tradeRoute[from] ? 0.14 : 0.42) * depositScale;
+w.pheromone[to] += (w.tradeRoute[to] ? 0.10 : 0.30) * depositScale;
+a.settled = Math.max(0, a.settled - 1);
+} else {
+a.movedThisStep = false;
+a.settled++;
+}
+}
+ensureAgentTech(a) {
+a.tech ??= { farming: 0, metallurgy: 0 };
+a.tech.farming ??= 0;
+a.tech.metallurgy ??= 0;
+a.tech.farming = clamp(a.tech.farming, 0, 1);
+a.tech.metallurgy = clamp(a.tech.metallurgy, 0, 1);
+a.farmingWork ??= 0;
+a.lastFarmTile ??= -1;
+a.movedThisStep ??= false;
+}
+farmabilityAt(tile) {
+const t = this.world.terrain[tile];
+if (t === Terrain.FERTILE) return 1.0;
+if (t === Terrain.PLAINS) return 0.75;
+if (t === Terrain.FOREST) return 0.55;
+if (t === Terrain.DESERT) return 0.25;
+return 0.0;
+}
+carryingCapacityAt(tile) {
+const w = this.world;
+if (w.terrain[tile] === Terrain.WATER) return 1.2;
+return SimConfig.population.carryingCapacityBase +
+w.fertility[tile] * SimConfig.population.carryingCapacityFertility +
+w.mineral[tile] * SimConfig.population.carryingCapacityMineral +
+w.farmland[tile] * SimConfig.population.carryingCapacityFarmland +
+(w.city[tile] >= 0 ? 3.5 : 0);
+}
+updateAgentTechnology(agent, payMaintenance = false) {
+if (!agent.alive) return;
+this.ensureAgentTech(agent);
+this.updateFarmingWork(agent);
+this.tryInventTechnology(agent);
+this.learnTechnologyFromCity(agent);
+if (this.shouldRunAgentSocial(agent, 3)) {
+this.spreadTechnology(agent);
+this.improveTechnologyFromDensity(agent);
+}
+if (payMaintenance) this.payTechnologyCostOrForget(agent);
+}
+shouldRunAgentSocial(agent, interval) {
+return ((agent.x * 31 + agent.y * 17 + this.year) % interval) === 0;
+}
+updateFarmingWork(agent) {
+const w = this.world;
+const tile = w.idx(agent.x, agent.y);
+if (agent.lastFarmTile !== tile) {
+agent.farmingWork = 0;
+agent.lastFarmTile = tile;
+}
+if (agent.movedThisStep) return;
+const farming = agent.tech?.farming || 0;
+if (farming <= 0.02) return;
+if (agent.settled > 0) {
+agent.farmingWork = clamp((agent.farmingWork || 0) + farming * 0.015, 0, 1);
+agent.tech.farming = clamp(agent.tech.farming + farming * this.farmabilityAt(tile) * 0.00018, 0, 1);
+}
+}
+tryInventTechnology(agent) {
+const w = this.world;
+const tile = w.idx(agent.x, agent.y);
+const settledFactor = clamp((agent.settled || 0) / 12, 0, 1);
+if ((agent.tech?.farming || 0) <= 0.02) {
+const farmingBase = 0.00016;
+const farmability = this.farmabilityAt(tile);
+const sedentary = getSedentary(agent.traits);
+const farmingChance =
+farmingBase *
+(0.25 + farmability) *
+(0.4 + sedentary) *
+(0.3 + settledFactor);
+if (this.rng.next() < farmingChance) this.grantTechnologyAround(agent, "farming", 0.32);
+}
+if ((agent.tech?.metallurgy || 0) <= 0.02) {
+const metallurgyBase = 0.00011;
+const mineral = clamp(w.mineral[tile], 0, 1);
+const mineralTerrainBonus =
+w.terrain[tile] === Terrain.MINERAL || w.terrain[tile] === Terrain.MOUNTAIN
+? 1.8
+: 1.0;
+const metallurgyChance =
+metallurgyBase *
+(0.2 + mineral) *
+mineralTerrainBonus *
+(0.5 + settledFactor);
+if (this.rng.next() < metallurgyChance) this.grantTechnologyAround(agent, "metallurgy", 0.28);
+}
+}
+grantTechnologyAround(agent, techName, amount) {
+this.ensureAgentTech(agent);
+this.forEachLocalAgentNear(agent.x, agent.y, 2, other => {
+if (!other.alive) return true;
+this.ensureAgentTech(other);
+const distance = Math.abs(agent.x - other.x) + Math.abs(agent.y - other.y);
+if (distance > 2) return true;
+const gain = amount * (other === agent ? 1 : 0.55);
+other.tech[techName] = clamp(Math.max(other.tech[techName] || 0, gain), 0, 1);
+return true;
+});
+}
+payTechnologyCostOrForget(agent) {
+if (!agent.alive) return;
+this.ensureAgentTech(agent);
+const farming = agent.tech.farming || 0;
+const metallurgy = agent.tech.metallurgy || 0;
+const cost = farming * 0.004 + metallurgy * 0.010;
+if (cost <= 0) return;
+if (agent.resources >= cost) {
+agent.resources -= cost;
+return;
+}
+const shortage = cost - Math.max(0, agent.resources);
+agent.resources = Math.max(0, agent.resources - cost);
+const decay = clamp(0.006 + shortage * 0.025, 0.006, 0.06);
+agent.tech.farming = Math.max(0, farming - decay);
+agent.tech.metallurgy = Math.max(0, metallurgy - decay * 1.15);
+if (agent.tech.farming < 0.02) agent.tech.farming = 0;
+if (agent.tech.metallurgy < 0.02) agent.tech.metallurgy = 0;
+if (agent.tech.farming <= 0) agent.farmingWork = 0;
+}
+spreadTechnology(agent) {
+const w = this.world;
+const tile = w.idx(agent.x, agent.y);
+const assimilation = agent.traits.assimilation || 0;
+const ethnocentrism = agent.traits.ethnocentrism || 0;
+let checked = 0;
+this.forEachLocalAgentNear(agent.x, agent.y, 1, other => {
+if (other === agent || !other.alive) return true;
+if (Math.abs(agent.x - other.x) + Math.abs(agent.y - other.y) > 1) return true;
+if (++checked > 12) return false;
+this.ensureAgentTech(other);
+const sameEthnicity = agent.ethnicity === other.ethnicity;
+let chance =
+0.0035 +
+assimilation * 0.006 -
+ethnocentrism * 0.0012;
+if (sameEthnicity) chance += 0.004;
+if (w.tradeRoute[tile]) chance += 0.006;
+if (w.city[tile] >= 0) chance += 0.003;
+chance = clamp(chance, 0.0008, 0.028);
+this.learnTechnologyFrom(agent, other, "farming", chance);
+this.learnTechnologyFrom(agent, other, "metallurgy", chance);
+return true;
+});
+}
+learnTechnologyFrom(agent, other, techName, chance) {
+const current = agent.tech[techName] || 0;
+const otherLevel = other.tech?.[techName] || 0;
+if (otherLevel > current + 0.04 && this.rng.next() < chance) {
+agent.tech[techName] = clamp(current + (otherLevel - current) * 0.14, 0, 1);
+}
+}
+learnTechnologyFromCity(agent) {
+const tile = this.world.idx(agent.x, agent.y);
+const city = this.world.city[tile] >= 0 ? this.getCityById(this.world.city[tile]) : null;
+if (!city?.knowledge) return;
+const routeBonus = this.world.tradeRoute[tile] ? SimConfig.technology.tradeDiffusion : 0;
+const chance = SimConfig.technology.cityDiffusion + routeBonus + clamp(city.population / 1200, 0, 0.006);
+if (this.rng.next() < chance) {
+agent.tech.farming = clamp(Math.max(agent.tech.farming, city.knowledge.farming * 0.72), 0, 1);
+agent.tech.metallurgy = clamp(Math.max(agent.tech.metallurgy, city.knowledge.metallurgy * 0.68), 0, 1);
+}
+}
+improveTechnologyFromDensity(agent) {
+let farmingCount = 0;
+let metallurgyCount = 0;
+let farmingSum = 0;
+let metallurgySum = 0;
+this.forEachLocalAgentNear(agent.x, agent.y, 2, other => {
+if (!other.alive) return true;
+this.ensureAgentTech(other);
+const distance = Math.abs(agent.x - other.x) + Math.abs(agent.y - other.y);
+if (distance > 2) return true;
+const farming = other.tech.farming || 0;
+const metallurgy = other.tech.metallurgy || 0;
+if (farming > 0.1) {
+farmingCount++;
+farmingSum += farming;
+}
+if (metallurgy > 0.1) {
+metallurgyCount++;
+metallurgySum += metallurgy;
+}
+return true;
+});
+if (farmingCount >= 2) {
+const avgFarming = farmingSum / farmingCount;
+agent.tech.farming = clamp(agent.tech.farming + 0.0024 * farmingCount * avgFarming, 0, 1);
+}
+if (metallurgyCount >= 2) {
+const avgMetallurgy = metallurgySum / metallurgyCount;
+agent.tech.metallurgy = clamp(agent.tech.metallurgy + 0.0018 * metallurgyCount * avgMetallurgy, 0, 1);
+}
+}
+forEachLocalAgentNear(x, y, radius, callback) {
+const w = this.world;
+for (let dy = -radius; dy <= radius; dy++) {
+for (let dx = -radius; dx <= radius; dx++) {
+const tx = x + dx;
+const ty = y + dy;
+if (tx < 0 || ty < 0 || tx >= w.size || ty >= w.size) continue;
+const agents = this.tileAgents.get(w.idx(tx, ty));
+if (!agents) continue;
+for (const agent of agents) {
+if (callback(agent) === false) return;
+}
+}
+}
+}
+farmingGatherMultiplier(agent, tile) {
+const farmingLevel = agent.tech?.farming || 0;
+const farmingWork = agent.farmingWork || 0;
+const farmability = this.farmabilityAt(tile);
+return clamp(1 + farmingLevel * farmingWork * farmability * 2, 1, 3);
+}
+metallurgyGatherMultiplier(agent, tile) {
+const metallurgyLevel = agent.tech?.metallurgy || 0;
+if (metallurgyLevel > 0.02) {
+agent.tech.metallurgy = clamp(agent.tech.metallurgy + metallurgyLevel * clamp(this.world.mineral[tile], 0, 1) * 0.00012, 0, 1);
+}
+return 1 + metallurgyLevel * clamp(this.world.mineral[tile], 0, 1);
+}
+gatherConsumeReproduce(a, offspring) {
+const w = this.world;
+const i = w.idx(a.x, a.y);
+this.ensureAgentTech(a);
+const ethnicity = this.ethnicities.get(a.ethnicity);
+const climateMismatch = this.climateMismatch(a.ethnicity, i);
+const climateFit = clamp(1 - climateMismatch * 1.35, 0.18, 1);
+const cityMarket = w.city[i] >= 0 ? 0.28 : 0;
+const drylandAdapted = this.isDrylandAdapted(ethnicity);
+const desertForage = drylandAdapted && w.terrain[i] === Terrain.DESERT ? 0.55 : 0;
+const productivity = 0.45 + w.fertility[i] * 1.35 + w.mineral[i] * 0.45 + w.farmland[i] * 0.72 + cityMarket + desertForage;
+const carryingCapacity = this.carryingCapacityAt(i);
+const overCapacity = Math.max(0, w.pressure[i] - carryingCapacity);
+const pressurePenalty = 1 / (1 + overCapacity * SimConfig.population.pressurePenaltyBase);
+const baseGatherAmount = productivity * climateFit * pressurePenalty * this.rng.range(0.45, 1.2);
+const gathered = Math.min(
+w.resource[i],
+baseGatherAmount * this.farmingGatherMultiplier(a, i) * this.metallurgyGatherMultiplier(a, i)
+);
+w.resource[i] -= gathered;
+a.resources += gathered;
+const waterAdaptation = ethnicity?.climateHumidity ?? 0.45;
+const waterCost = w.terrain[i] === Terrain.WATER ? (waterAdaptation >= 0.82 ? 0.1 : 0.4 - waterAdaptation * 0.12) : 0;
+const climateCost = Math.max(0, climateMismatch - 0.22) * 2.4;
+const drylandUpkeep = drylandAdapted && w.terrain[i] === Terrain.DESERT ? 0.72 : 1;
+const sedentary = getSedentary(a.traits);
+const mobileOverhead = (1 - sedentary) * 0.18 + a.traits.mobility * 0.08;
+a.resources -= ((0.72 + w.move[i] * 0.06 + waterCost + climateCost) * drylandUpkeep) + mobileOverhead;
+if (a.resources <= 0) {
+this.removeAgentFromOccupancy(a);
+a.alive = false;
+this.deaths++;
+return;
+}
+const settlementBonus = sedentary * (w.farmland[i] * 0.18 + cityMarket * 0.12);
+const mobilityPenalty = (1 - sedentary) * 0.45;
+const capacityPenalty = overCapacity * SimConfig.population.pressureReproductionPenalty;
+const reproductionThreshold = a.traits.reproductionThreshold * clamp(1 + mobilityPenalty + capacityPenalty - settlementBonus, 0.82, 2.35);
+if (a.resources > reproductionThreshold && offspring.length < SimConfig.population.maxOffspringPerStep) {
+const childShare = 0.36 + sedentary * 0.08;
+const childResources = a.resources * childShare;
+a.resources -= childResources;
+const childTraits = mutateTraits(a.traits, this.rng, 0.035);
+const child = this.makeAgent(a.x, a.y, a.ethnicity, childTraits, childResources);
+child.tech.farming = clamp((a.tech?.farming || 0) * this.rng.range(0.75, 0.95), 0, 1);
+child.tech.metallurgy = clamp((a.tech?.metallurgy || 0) * this.rng.range(0.70, 0.92), 0, 1);
+offspring.push(child);
+}
+}
+climateMismatch(ethnicityId, tile) {
+const ethnicity = this.ethnicities.get(ethnicityId);
+if (!ethnicity) return 0;
+const tempDiff = Math.abs(this.world.temperature[tile] - ethnicity.climateTemp);
+const humidDiff = Math.abs(this.world.humidity[tile] - ethnicity.climateHumidity);
+return tempDiff * 0.58 + humidDiff * 0.42;
+}
+isDrylandAdapted(ethnicity) {
+return !!ethnicity && ethnicity.climateTemp > 0.5 && ethnicity.climateHumidity < 0.38;
+}
+ethnicDensityNear(x, y, ethnicity) {
+const key = `${x},${y},${ethnicity}`;
+const cached = this.ethnicDensityCache.get(key);
+if (cached) return cached;
+let same = 0;
+let foreign = 0;
+const w = this.world;
+for (let dy = -2; dy <= 2; dy++) {
+for (let dx = -2; dx <= 2; dx++) {
+if (Math.abs(dx) + Math.abs(dy) > 2) continue;
+const tx = x + dx;
+const ty = y + dy;
+if (tx < 0 || ty < 0 || tx >= w.size || ty >= w.size) continue;
+const counts = this.tileEthnicities.get(w.idx(tx, ty));
+if (!counts) continue;
+for (const [id, value] of counts) {
+if (id === ethnicity) same += value;
+else foreign += value;
+}
+if (same > 6 && foreign > 6) {
+const result = { same: same * 0.22, foreign: foreign * 0.16 };
+this.ethnicDensityCache.set(key, result);
+return result;
+}
+}
+}
+const result = { same: same * 0.22, foreign: foreign * 0.16 };
+this.ethnicDensityCache.set(key, result);
+return result;
+}
+resolveAssimilation(a) {
+const dominant = this.dominantEthnicityNear(a.x, a.y, a.ethnicity);
+if (!dominant || dominant.id === a.ethnicity) {
+a.foreignContact = Math.max(0, a.foreignContact - 1);
+return;
+}
+if (a.contactEthnicity !== dominant.id) {
+a.contactEthnicity = dominant.id;
+a.foreignContact = 0;
+}
+a.foreignContact++;
+const pressure = dominant.count / Math.max(1, dominant.total);
+const chance = a.traits.assimilation * pressure * Math.min(1, a.foreignContact / 30);
+if (this.rng.next() < chance * 0.14) {
+this.changeAgentEthnicity(a, dominant.id);
+a.traits = blendTraits(a.traits, dominant.averageTraits, 0.08 + a.traits.assimilation * 0.22);
+a.foreignContact = 0;
+}
+}
+dominantEthnicityNear(x, y, self) {
+const key = `${x},${y},${self}`;
+const cached = this.dominantEthnicityCache.get(key);
+if (cached) return cached;
+const counts = new Map();
+let total = 0;
+const w = this.world;
+for (let dy = -3; dy <= 3; dy++) {
+for (let dx = -3; dx <= 3; dx++) {
+if (Math.abs(dx) + Math.abs(dy) > 3) continue;
+const tx = x + dx;
+const ty = y + dy;
+if (tx < 0 || ty < 0 || tx >= w.size || ty >= w.size) continue;
+const tileCounts = this.tileEthnicities.get(w.idx(tx, ty));
+if (!tileCounts) continue;
+for (const [id, count] of tileCounts) {
+total += count;
+counts.set(id, (counts.get(id) || 0) + count);
+}
+}
+}
+for (const city of this.getCitiesNear(x, y, 5)) {
+const distance = Math.abs(city.x - x) + Math.abs(city.y - y);
+if (!city.ethnicityComposition?.size) continue;
+const influence = clamp((6 - distance) / 6, 0, 1) * clamp(Math.sqrt(city.population) / 8, 0.5, 8);
+for (const [id, count] of city.ethnicityComposition) {
+const weighted = Math.max(1, Math.round(count * influence * 0.08));
+total += weighted;
+counts.set(id, (counts.get(id) || 0) + weighted);
+}
+}
+let best = null;
+for (const [id, count] of counts) {
+if (id !== self && (!best || count > best.count)) best = { id, count, total };
+}
+if (best) best.averageTraits = this.ethnicities.get(best.id)?.averageTraits || this.randomTraits();
+if (best) this.dominantEthnicityCache.set(key, best);
+return best;
+}
+updateWorldFields(scale = 1) {
+const w = this.world;
+const pheromoneDecay = Math.pow(0.996, scale);
+for (let i = 0; i < w.count; i++) {
+w.resource[i] = Math.min(58, w.resource[i] + w.regen[i] * scale * (1 + w.farmland[i] * 1.15));
+w.pheromone[i] *= pheromoneDecay;
+}
+}
+updateCities() {
+const w = this.world;
+w.city.fill(-1);
+w.farmland.fill(0);
+w.cityPull.fill(0);
+const candidates = new Map();
+for (const a of this.agents) {
+if (!a.alive) continue;
+const local = w.idx(a.x, a.y);
+if (a.settled < 3 && w.pressure[local] < 2) continue;
+if (w.terrain[local] === Terrain.WATER || w.fertility[local] < 0.24) continue;
+const cx = clamp(Math.round(a.x / 4) * 4, 0, w.size - 1);
+const cy = clamp(Math.round(a.y / 4) * 4, 0, w.size - 1);
+const i = w.idx(cx, cy);
+let group = candidates.get(i);
+if (!group) {
+group = { count: 0, resources: 0, sedentary: 0, farming: 0, metallurgy: 0, techCount: 0, ethnicities: new Map() };
+candidates.set(i, group);
+}
+this.ensureAgentTech(a);
+group.count++;
+group.resources += Math.max(0, a.resources);
+group.sedentary += getSedentary(a.traits);
+group.farming += a.tech.farming || 0;
+group.metallurgy += a.tech.metallurgy || 0;
+group.techCount++;
+group.ethnicities.set(a.ethnicity, (group.ethnicities.get(a.ethnicity) || 0) + 1);
+}
+let foundedThisTick = 0;
+const canFoundCities = this.year >= years(80) && this.year % years(10) === 0;
+const foundingLimit = canFoundCities ? 1 + Math.floor(this.year / years(600)) : 0;
+const candidateEntries = [...candidates].sort((a, b) => {
+const sedentaryA = a[1].sedentary / Math.max(1, a[1].count);
+const sedentaryB = b[1].sedentary / Math.max(1, b[1].count);
+return (b[1].count * (0.7 + sedentaryB) + b[1].resources * 0.02) - (a[1].count * (0.7 + sedentaryA) + a[1].resources * 0.02);
+});
+for (const [i, group] of candidateEntries) {
+if (group.count < 3) continue;
+const avgSedentary = group.sedentary / group.count;
+let city = this.getCitiesNear(i % w.size, Math.floor(i / w.size), 6)[0] || null;
+if (!city && canFoundCities && foundedThisTick < foundingLimit && this.cities.length < SimConfig.city.maxCities) {
+const foundingChance = clamp((avgSedentary - 0.18) * 2.4 * 3, 0.04, 0.98);
+if (avgSedentary < 0.22 || this.rng.next() > foundingChance) continue;
+city = this.createCity(i % w.size, Math.floor(i / w.size), group);
+this.cities.push(city);
+this.cityById.set(city.id, city);
+const bucketKey = this.cityBucketKey(city.x, city.y);
+if (!this.cityBuckets.has(bucketKey)) this.cityBuckets.set(bucketKey, []);
+this.cityBuckets.get(bucketKey).push(city);
+foundedThisTick++;
+}
+if (city) {
+city.activeVisitors += group.count;
+city.storedResources += group.resources * 0.08;
+city.sedentaryCulture = city.sedentaryCulture * 0.98 + avgSedentary * 0.02;
+city.knowledge ??= { farming: 0, metallurgy: 0 };
+city.knowledge.farming = Math.max(city.knowledge.farming * 0.998, group.farming / Math.max(1, group.techCount));
+city.knowledge.metallurgy = Math.max(city.knowledge.metallurgy * 0.998, group.metallurgy / Math.max(1, group.techCount));
+const urbanWeight = clamp((avgSedentary - 0.18) * 1.45, 0.08, 1);
+for (const [id, count] of group.ethnicities) {
+const urbanCount = this.weightedUrbanContribution(count * 0.2, urbanWeight);
+if (urbanCount > 0) city.ethnicityComposition.set(id, (city.ethnicityComposition.get(id) || 0) + urbanCount);
+}
+city.strength = city.strength * 0.96 + group.count * 0.05;
+}
+}
+this.absorbUrbanPopulation();
+this.rebuildOccupancy();
+this.processCityEconomies();
+this.cities = this.cities.filter(c => {
+c.age++;
+c.strength *= 0.992;
+const foodPerCapita = c.storedResources / Math.max(1, c.population);
+if (c.age > 20) {
+if (c.activeVisitors < 2 && foodPerCapita < 0.04) c.strength -= 0.035;
+else if (c.activeVisitors < 5 && foodPerCapita < 0.02) c.strength -= 0.015;
+if (c.population < 25 && foodPerCapita < 0.05) c.strength -= 0.018;
+}
+if (c.population <= 0 || c.strength <= 0.06) return false;
+const radius = c.agriculturalRadius;
+for (let dy = -radius; dy <= radius; dy++) {
+for (let dx = -radius; dx <= radius; dx++) {
+const x = clamp(c.x + dx, 0, w.size - 1);
+const y = clamp(c.y + dy, 0, w.size - 1);
+const d = Math.abs(dx) + Math.abs(dy);
+if (d <= radius) {
+const tile = w.idx(x, y);
+w.city[tile] = c.id;
+if (w.terrain[tile] !== Terrain.WATER) {
+w.farmland[tile] = Math.max(w.farmland[tile], (radius - d + 1) / (radius + 1));
+w.cityPull[tile] = Math.max(w.cityPull[tile], (radius - d + 1) / (radius + 1));
+}
+}
+}
+}
+return true;
+});
+this.rebuildIndexes();
+}
+createCity(x, y, seedGroup = null) {
+const seedPopulation = seedGroup ? Math.max(14, seedGroup.count * 5) : 10;
+const seedSedentary = seedGroup ? seedGroup.sedentary / Math.max(1, seedGroup.count) : 0.5;
+const composition = new Map();
+if (seedGroup) {
+const urbanWeight = clamp((seedSedentary - 0.18) * 1.45, 0.08, 1);
+for (const [id, count] of seedGroup.ethnicities) {
+const urbanCount = this.weightedUrbanContribution(count * 3, urbanWeight);
+if (urbanCount > 0) composition.set(id, urbanCount);
+}
+}
+return {
+id: this.nextCity++,
+x,
+y,
+population: seedPopulation,
+storedResources: 34 + (seedGroup?.resources || 0) * 0.55,
+ethnicityComposition: composition,
+pheromoneOutput: 0,
+agriculturalRadius: 2,
+tradeLinks: new Set(),
+activeVisitors: 0,
+age: 0,
+strength: 3,
+sedentaryCulture: seedSedentary,
+knowledge: { farming: 0, metallurgy: 0 },
+supplyStress: 0,
+polityId: null,
+loyalty: 0.5,
+receivedAid: false,
+tradeValue: 0,
+tradeReach: 0
+};
+}
+absorbUrbanPopulation() {
+if (!this.cities.length) return;
+const absorbed = [];
+for (const a of this.agents) {
+if (!a.alive || a.settled < 5) {
+absorbed.push(a);
+continue;
+}
+const city = this.findCityNear(a.x, a.y, 7);
+const sedentary = getSedentary(a.traits);
+if (!city || this.rng.next() > sedentary * 0.85) {
+absorbed.push(a);
+continue;
+}
+const migrants = 1 + Math.floor(Math.min(8, a.resources / 8));
+const urbanWeight = clamp((sedentary - 0.14) * 1.5, 0.08, 1);
+city.population += migrants;
+city.storedResources += Math.max(0, a.resources) * 0.65;
+const urbanCount = this.weightedUrbanContribution(migrants, urbanWeight);
+if (urbanCount > 0) city.ethnicityComposition.set(a.ethnicity, (city.ethnicityComposition.get(a.ethnicity) || 0) + urbanCount);
+city.sedentaryCulture = city.sedentaryCulture * 0.985 + sedentary * 0.015;
+city.strength += 0.04;
+}
+this.agents = absorbed;
+}
+weightedUrbanContribution(amount, weight) {
+const value = amount * weight;
+const whole = Math.floor(value);
+return whole + (this.rng.next() < value - whole ? 1 : 0);
+}
+processCityEconomies() {
+const w = this.world;
+for (const city of this.cities) {
+city.agriculturalRadius = clamp(Math.floor(1 + Math.sqrt(city.population) / 4.5), 2, 14);
+city.pheromoneOutput = clamp(Math.log2(city.population + 1) * 0.09, 0.15, 1.8);
+city.knowledge ??= { farming: 0, metallurgy: 0 };
+let harvested = 0;
+const radius = city.agriculturalRadius;
+for (let dy = -radius; dy <= radius; dy++) {
+for (let dx = -radius; dx <= radius; dx++) {
+if (Math.abs(dx) + Math.abs(dy) > radius) continue;
+const x = clamp(city.x + dx, 0, w.size - 1);
+const y = clamp(city.y + dy, 0, w.size - 1);
+const i = w.idx(x, y);
+if (w.terrain[i] === Terrain.WATER) continue;
+const pull = (radius - Math.abs(dx) - Math.abs(dy) + 1) / (radius + 1);
+const farmingYield = 1 + city.knowledge.farming * 0.85;
+const metallurgyYield = 1 + city.knowledge.metallurgy * w.mineral[i] * 0.35;
+const extraction = Math.min(w.resource[i], (0.07 + w.fertility[i] * 0.18 * farmingYield + w.mineral[i] * 0.045 * metallurgyYield) * pull);
+w.resource[i] -= extraction;
+w.farmland[i] = Math.max(w.farmland[i], pull);
+w.pheromone[i] += city.pheromoneOutput * pull * 0.09;
+harvested += extraction;
+}
+}
+city.storedResources += harvested;
+const trade = this.cityTradeProfile(city);
+const tradeIncome = trade.value * (0.18 + Math.sqrt(Math.max(0, city.population)) * 0.018);
+city.storedResources += tradeIncome;
+const supportRatio = city.activeVisitors / Math.max(1, city.population);
+const knowledgeMaintenance = city.population * (city.knowledge.farming * 0.0008 + city.knowledge.metallurgy * 0.0012);
+const tradeRelief = clamp(trade.value * 0.09, 0, 0.32);
+const upkeep = (city.population * (0.010 + Math.max(0, 0.025 - supportRatio) * 0.09)) * (1 - tradeRelief) + knowledgeMaintenance;
+city.storedResources -= upkeep;
+const foodPerCapita = city.storedResources / Math.max(1, city.population);
+city.supplyStress = clamp((0.11 - foodPerCapita) * 8 + Math.max(0, 0.02 - supportRatio) * 8 - trade.value * 0.12, 0, 1.8);
+this.innovateCityKnowledge(city, harvested);
+if (trade.value > 0) {
+city.knowledge.farming = clamp(city.knowledge.farming + trade.value * 0.00018, 0, 1);
+city.knowledge.metallurgy = clamp(city.knowledge.metallurgy + trade.value * 0.00024, 0, 1);
+city.strength += clamp(trade.value * 0.018, 0, 0.08);
+city.tradeValue = trade.value;
+city.tradeReach = trade.reach;
+} else {
+city.tradeValue = 0;
+city.tradeReach = 0;
+}
+if (city.storedResources > city.population * 0.16 && city.population > 0) {
+const prosperity = clamp(city.storedResources / Math.max(1, city.population) - 0.12 + trade.value * 0.012, 0, 0.8);
+const births = Math.max(1, Math.floor(city.population * (0.012 + prosperity * 0.012 + clamp(trade.value, 0, 1.8) * 0.0015)));
+city.population += births;
+city.storedResources -= births * 0.55;
+addBirthsToComposition(city.ethnicityComposition, births);
+}
+if (city.age > 20 && city.activeVisitors < 2 && city.storedResources < city.population * 0.03 && city.population > 0) {
+const attrition = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(city.population * (city.activeVisitors === 0 ? 0.025 : 0.010)));
+city.population -= attrition;
+removeFromComposition(city.ethnicityComposition, attrition);
+city.strength -= city.activeVisitors === 0 ? 0.030 : 0.012;
+}
+if (city.storedResources < 0) {
+const deficit = Math.abs(city.storedResources);
+const dominant = dominantComposition(city.ethnicityComposition);
+const loss = Math.min(city.population, Math.ceil(deficit * 2.2 + city.population * 0.035));
+city.population -= loss;
+city.storedResources = 0;
+removeFromComposition(city.ethnicityComposition, loss);
+city.strength -= Math.min(0.4, 0.03 + deficit * 0.01);
+if (loss > 0 && this.agents.length < this.maxAgents) {
+this.spawnUrbanRefugees(city, Math.min(24, Math.max(2, Math.ceil(loss / 8))), dominant);
+}
+}
+city.population = Math.max(0, Math.floor(city.population));
+city.storedResources = clamp(city.storedResources, 0, Math.max(30, city.population * 1.4));
+}
+}
+cityTradeProfile(city) {
+if (!city?.tradeLinks?.size || !this.tradeLinks.length) return { value: 0, reach: 0 };
+let value = 0;
+let reach = 0;
+for (const link of this.tradeLinks) {
+if (link.from !== city.id && link.to !== city.id) continue;
+const other = this.getCityById(link.from === city.id ? link.to : link.from);
+if (!other) continue;
+const distance = this.distanceBetweenCities(city, other);
+const distanceFactor = clamp((distance - 14) / 30, 0, 1);
+if (distanceFactor <= 0) continue;
+const partnerScale = clamp(Math.sqrt(Math.max(1, other.population || 1)) / 24, 0.35, 2.4);
+const pathScale = clamp((link.path?.length || distance) / 30, 0.5, 1.6);
+value += (link.strength || 0.12) * distanceFactor * partnerScale * pathScale;
+reach = Math.max(reach, distance);
+}
+return {
+value: clamp(value, 0, 3.2),
+reach
+};
+}
+innovateCityKnowledge(city, harvested) {
+city.knowledge ??= { farming: 0, metallurgy: 0 };
+const scale = SimConfig.technology.cityInnovation;
+const density = clamp(Math.sqrt(city.population) / 20, 0, 1.6);
+const foodSurplus = clamp(city.storedResources / Math.max(1, city.population) - 0.08, 0, 0.5);
+city.knowledge.farming = clamp(
+city.knowledge.farming + scale * density * (0.4 + foodSurplus * 4) + harvested * 0.000015,
+0,
+1
+);
+city.knowledge.metallurgy = clamp(
+city.knowledge.metallurgy + scale * density * clamp(city.pheromoneOutput, 0.1, 1.8) * 0.35,
+0,
+1
+);
+if (city.supplyStress > 0.8) {
+city.knowledge.farming *= 0.998;
+city.knowledge.metallurgy *= 0.997;
+}
+}
+spawnUrbanRefugees(city, count, ethnicity = null) {
+const dominant = ethnicity || dominantComposition(city.ethnicityComposition) || 1;
+const template = this.ethnicities.get(dominant)?.averageTraits || this.randomTraits();
+for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+this.agents.push(this.makeAgent(
+clamp(city.x + this.rng.int(7) - 3, 0, this.world.size - 1),
+clamp(city.y + this.rng.int(7) - 3, 0, this.world.size - 1),
+dominant,
+mutateTraits(template, this.rng, 0.05),
+this.rng.range(4, 11)
+));
+}
+}
+findCityNear(x, y, radius) {
+let best = null;
+let bestDistance = Infinity;
+for (const c of this.getCitiesNear(x, y, radius)) {
+const d = Math.abs(c.x - x) + Math.abs(c.y - y);
+if (d <= radius && d < bestDistance) {
+best = c;
+bestDistance = d;
+}
+}
+return best;
+}
+cityInfluence(city) {
+if (!city || city.population <= 0 || city.strength <= 0) return 0;
+const sedentaryFactor = clamp(0.45 + (city.sedentaryCulture ?? 0.5) * 0.9, 0.45, 1.35);
+return (Math.sqrt(city.population) * 1.4 + Math.sqrt(Math.max(0, city.storedResources))) * sedentaryFactor;
+}
+getCityById(id) {
+const cached = this.cityById?.get(id);
+if (cached) return cached;
+const city = this.cities.find(c => c.id === id) || null;
+if (city) this.cityById.set(id, city);
+return city;
+}
+getPolityById(id) {
+const cached = this.polityById?.get(id);
+if (cached) return cached;
+const polity = this.polities.find(p => p.id === id) || null;
+if (polity) this.polityById.set(id, polity);
+return polity;
+}
+getPolityCities(polity) {
+const living = [];
+for (const id of [...polity.cityIds]) {
+const city = this.getCityById(id);
+if (!city || city.population <= 0) {
+polity.cityIds.delete(id);
+} else {
+living.push(city);
+}
+}
+return living;
+}
+dominantCityEthnicity(city) {
+if (!city || !city.ethnicityComposition || !city.ethnicityComposition.size) return null;
+return dominantComposition(city.ethnicityComposition) || null;
+}
+sameDominantEthnicity(cityA, cityB) {
+const a = this.dominantCityEthnicity(cityA);
+const b = this.dominantCityEthnicity(cityB);
+return a !== null && b !== null && a === b;
+}
+distanceBetweenCities(cityA, cityB) {
+return Math.abs(cityA.x - cityB.x) + Math.abs(cityA.y - cityB.y);
+}
+hasDirectTradeConnection(cityA, cityB) {
+return !!cityA?.tradeLinks?.has(cityB?.id) || !!cityB?.tradeLinks?.has(cityA?.id);
+}
+effectiveDistance(cityA, cityB) {
+let distance = this.distanceBetweenCities(cityA, cityB);
+if (this.hasDirectTradeConnection(cityA, cityB)) distance *= 0.55;
+return distance;
+}
+createPolity(centerCity) {
+const id = this.nextPolity++;
+const polity = {
+id,
+centerCityId: centerCity.id,
+cityIds: new Set([centerCity.id]),
+treasury: Math.max(0, centerCity.storedResources * 0.12),
+color: hslToRgb((id * 0.38196601125) % 1, 0.58, 0.62),
+founded: this.year,
+legitimacy: this.rng.range(0.68, 0.94),
+cohesion: this.rng.range(0.58, 0.9),
+charisma: this.rng.range(0.5, 1.5),
+leaderStarted: this.year,
+leaderTenureYears: this.rng.range(24, 68),
+crisis: 0,
+lastCrisisYear: this.year
+};
+centerCity.polityId = id;
+centerCity.loyalty = 1;
+centerCity.receivedAid = false;
+this.polities.push(polity);
+this.polityById.set(polity.id, polity);
+this.ensurePolityHistory(polity);
+this.samplePolityHistory(polity);
+return polity;
+}
+ensurePolityHistory(polity) {
+if (!polity) return null;
+if (!this.polityHistory.has(polity.id)) {
+this.polityHistory.set(polity.id, {
+id: polity.id,
+color: polity.color || hslToRgb((polity.id * 0.38196601125) % 1, 0.58, 0.62),
+founded: polity.founded ?? this.year,
+ended: null,
+active: true,
+centerCityId: polity.centerCityId ?? null,
+fate: null,
+samples: [],
+events: [],
+peakPower: 0,
+peakYear: null,
+peakEventYear: null
+});
+}
+const history = this.polityHistory.get(polity.id);
+history.events ??= [];
+history.peakPower ??= 0;
+history.peakYear ??= null;
+history.peakEventYear ??= null;
+return history;
+}
+averagePolityLoyalty(polity) {
+const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
+const subordinates = cities.filter(city => city.id !== polity.centerCityId);
+if (!subordinates.length) return 1;
+return subordinates.reduce((sum, city) => sum + city.loyalty, 0) / subordinates.length;
+}
+samplePolityHistory(polity) {
+const history = this.ensurePolityHistory(polity);
+if (!history) return;
+const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
+const population = cities.reduce((sum, city) => sum + city.population, 0);
+const treasury = polity.treasury || 0;
+const avgLoyalty = this.averagePolityLoyalty(polity);
+const fallbackPower = Math.sqrt(population) * 1.35 +
+Math.sqrt(Math.max(0, treasury)) * 1.15 +
+avgLoyalty * 16;
+history.centerCityId = polity.centerCityId ?? history.centerCityId;
+const sample = {
+year: this.year,
+cities: cities.length,
+population,
+treasury,
+avgLoyalty,
+power: typeof this.polityPower === "function" ? this.polityPower(polity) : fallbackPower
+};
+history.samples.push(sample);
+if (sample.power > Math.max(20, (history.peakPower || 0) * 1.18)) {
+history.peakPower = sample.power;
+history.peakYear = this.year;
+const oldEnoughForPeakMarker = this.year - (history.founded ?? this.year) > years(40);
+if (oldEnoughForPeakMarker && (!history.peakEventYear || this.year - history.peakEventYear > years(120))) {
+this.addPolityEvent(polity.id, "peak", this.year, {
+power: sample.power,
+cities: sample.cities,
+population: sample.population
+}, 2);
+history.peakEventYear = this.year;
+}
+}
+const maxSamples = SimConfig.render.historyWindowYears + SimConfig.render.historySamplePaddingYears;
+while (history.samples.length > maxSamples) history.samples.shift();
+}
+samplePolityHistories() {
+for (const polity of this.polities) this.samplePolityHistory(polity);
+}
+addPolityEvent(polityId, type, year = this.year, data = {}, importance = 1) {
+let history = this.polityHistory.get(polityId) || this.deadPolityHistories.find(h => h.id === polityId) || null;
+if (!history) {
+const polity = this.getPolityById(polityId);
+if (polity) history = this.ensurePolityHistory(polity);
+}
+if (!history) return;
+history.events ??= [];
+const sameYearDuplicate = history.events.some(event =>
+event.type === type &&
+event.year === year &&
+JSON.stringify(event.data || {}) === JSON.stringify(data || {})
+);
+if (sameYearDuplicate) return;
+history.events.push({ year, type, importance, data });
+while (history.events.length > 120) history.events.shift();
+}
+selectNewLeader(polity, forced = false) {
+if (!polity) return;
+const previousCharisma = clamp(polity.charisma ?? 1, 0.5, 1.5);
+const center = this.getCityById(polity.centerCityId);
+const centerStability = center ? clamp(center.loyalty ?? 0.5, 0, 1) : 0.5;
+const institutionalBias = ((polity.legitimacy ?? 0.7) + (polity.cohesion ?? 0.6) + centerStability) / 3;
+const randomLeader = this.rng.range(0.5, 1.5);
+const continuity = forced ? 0.18 : 0.34;
+const institutionalPull = 0.82 + institutionalBias * 0.36;
+const nextCharisma = clamp(
+previousCharisma * continuity + randomLeader * (1 - continuity) * institutionalPull,
+0.5,
+1.5
+);
+polity.charisma = nextCharisma;
+polity.leaderStarted = this.year;
+polity.leaderTenureYears = this.rng.range(22, 72);
+const change = nextCharisma - previousCharisma;
+polity.legitimacy = clamp((polity.legitimacy ?? 0.7) + change * 0.08 - (forced ? 0.035 : 0), 0, 1);
+polity.cohesion = clamp((polity.cohesion ?? 0.6) + change * 0.045 - (forced ? 0.020 : 0), 0, 1);
+if (forced) polity.crisis = clamp((polity.crisis || 0) + 0.04, 0, 1.5);
+}
+updatePolityLeaders() {
+for (const polity of this.polities) {
+polity.charisma = clamp(polity.charisma ?? 1, 0.5, 1.5);
+polity.leaderStarted ??= polity.founded ?? this.year;
+polity.leaderTenureYears ??= this.rng.range(24, 68);
+const tenureYears = (this.year - polity.leaderStarted) / MONTHS_PER_YEAR;
+const oldLeader = Math.max(0, tenureYears - polity.leaderTenureYears);
+const crisisPressure = clamp((polity.crisis || 0) * 0.045, 0, 0.09);
+const successionChance = clamp(oldLeader * 0.018 + crisisPressure, 0, 0.36);
+if (successionChance > 0 && this.rng.next() < successionChance) {
+this.selectNewLeader(polity, (polity.crisis || 0) > 0.85);
+}
+}
+}
+maybeSpawnDisaster() {
+const config = SimConfig.disaster;
+const interval = years(config?.checkIntervalYears ?? 8);
+if (!interval || this.year % interval !== 0) return;
+if (this.rng.next() > (config?.baseChance ?? 0.38)) return;
+this.spawnDisaster();
+}
+spawnDisaster() {
+const config = SimConfig.disaster;
+const large = this.rng.next() < (config?.rareLargeChance ?? 0.10);
+const radius = large
+? this.rng.range(config?.largeRadiusMin ?? 28, config?.largeRadiusMax ?? 54)
+: this.rng.range(config?.minRadius ?? 6, config?.maxRadius ?? 34);
+const intensity = this.rng.range(config?.minIntensity ?? 0.25, config?.maxIntensity ?? 0.95);
+this.applyDisaster(this.rng.int(this.world.size), this.rng.int(this.world.size), radius, intensity);
+}
+applyDisaster(x, y, radius, intensity) {
+const config = SimConfig.disaster;
+const w = this.world;
+const scaledIntensity = intensity * (config?.damageScale ?? 1);
+const majorLossRate = config?.majorLossRate ?? 0.05;
+const affectedPolityMap = new Map();
+const affectedPolityIds = new Set();
+for (const city of this.cities) {
+if (city.polityId === null) continue;
+if (Math.hypot(city.x - x, city.y - y) <= radius) affectedPolityIds.add(city.polityId);
+}
+const polityPopulationBefore = new Map();
+for (const id of affectedPolityIds) {
+const polity = this.getPolityById(id);
+if (polity) polityPopulationBefore.set(id, this.totalPolityPopulation(polity));
+}
+let affectedAgents = 0;
+for (const agent of this.agents) {
+if (!agent.alive) continue;
+const d = Math.hypot(agent.x - x, agent.y - y);
+if (d > radius) continue;
+const falloff = 1 - d / radius;
+const damage = clamp(scaledIntensity * falloff * falloff, 0, 1);
+if (this.rng.next() < damage * 0.32) {
+if (this.removeAgentFromOccupancy) this.removeAgentFromOccupancy(agent);
+agent.alive = false;
+this.deaths++;
+affectedAgents++;
+} else {
+agent.resources = Math.max(0, agent.resources * (1 - damage * 0.45));
+if (agent.tech) {
+agent.tech.farming = Math.max(0, agent.tech.farming - damage * 0.035);
+agent.tech.metallurgy = Math.max(0, agent.tech.metallurgy - damage * 0.04);
+}
+}
+}
+let affectedCities = 0;
+let totalPopulationLoss = 0;
+for (const city of this.cities) {
+const d = Math.hypot(city.x - x, city.y - y);
+if (d > radius) continue;
+const falloff = 1 - d / radius;
+const damage = clamp(scaledIntensity * falloff * falloff, 0, 1);
+if (damage <= 0) continue;
+affectedCities++;
+const popBefore = city.population || 0;
+const lossRate = clamp(damage * 0.25, 0, 0.45);
+const loss = Math.floor(popBefore * lossRate);
+city.population = Math.max(0, popBefore - loss);
+if (typeof removeFromComposition === "function") removeFromComposition(city.ethnicityComposition, loss);
+city.storedResources = Math.max(0, city.storedResources * (1 - damage * 0.55));
+city.strength = Math.max(0, city.strength - damage * 0.38);
+this.deaths += Math.floor(loss * 0.35);
+totalPopulationLoss += loss;
+if (city.polityId !== null) {
+let entry = affectedPolityMap.get(city.polityId);
+if (!entry) {
+entry = {
+polityId: city.polityId,
+populationBefore: polityPopulationBefore.get(city.polityId) || 0,
+populationLoss: 0,
+cityIds: new Set()
+};
+affectedPolityMap.set(city.polityId, entry);
+}
+entry.populationLoss += loss;
+entry.cityIds.add(city.id);
+const polity = this.getPolityById(city.polityId);
+if (polity) {
+polity.crisis = clamp((polity.crisis || 0) + damage * (city.id === polity.centerCityId ? 0.25 : 0.12), 0, 1.5);
+polity.legitimacy = clamp((polity.legitimacy ?? 0.7) - damage * 0.08, 0, 1);
+polity.cohesion = clamp((polity.cohesion ?? 0.6) - damage * 0.05, 0, 1);
+}
+}
+}
+const minX = Math.max(0, Math.floor(x - radius));
+const maxX = Math.min(w.size - 1, Math.ceil(x + radius));
+const minY = Math.max(0, Math.floor(y - radius));
+const maxY = Math.min(w.size - 1, Math.ceil(y + radius));
+for (let ty = minY; ty <= maxY; ty++) {
+for (let tx = minX; tx <= maxX; tx++) {
+const d = Math.hypot(tx - x, ty - y);
+if (d > radius) continue;
+const falloff = 1 - d / radius;
+const damage = clamp(scaledIntensity * falloff * falloff, 0, 1);
+const tile = w.idx(tx, ty);
+w.resource[tile] *= (1 - damage * 0.45);
+w.farmland[tile] *= (1 - damage * 0.35);
+w.pheromone[tile] *= (1 - damage * 0.25);
+}
+}
+const affectedPolities = [...affectedPolityMap.values()].map(entry => {
+const populationBefore = Math.max(1, entry.populationBefore || 0);
+const lossRate = entry.populationLoss / populationBefore;
+return {
+polityId: entry.polityId,
+populationBefore: entry.populationBefore,
+populationLoss: entry.populationLoss,
+lossRate,
+cityIds: [...entry.cityIds]
+};
+});
+const id = this.nextDisaster++;
+const record = {
+id,
+year: this.year,
+x,
+y,
+radius,
+intensity,
+expires: this.year + years(config?.visualDurationYears ?? 18),
+affectedAgents,
+affectedCities,
+totalPopulationLoss,
+affectedPolities
+};
+this.disasters.push(record);
+this.disasterHistory.push(record);
+for (const entry of affectedPolities) {
+if (entry.lossRate >= majorLossRate) {
+this.addPolityEvent(entry.polityId, "disaster", this.year, {
+disasterId: id,
+populationLoss: entry.populationLoss,
+lossRate: entry.lossRate,
+affectedCities: entry.cityIds.length
+}, entry.lossRate >= majorLossRate * 2 ? 3 : 2);
+}
+}
+this.disasters = this.disasters
+.filter(disaster => this.year <= disaster.expires)
+.slice(-(config?.maxActiveVisuals ?? 12));
+while (this.disasterHistory.length > (config?.maxHistory ?? 160)) this.disasterHistory.shift();
+}
+markPolityEnded(polity, reason = "dissolved") {
+if (!polity) return;
+const history = this.ensurePolityHistory(polity);
+if (!history) return;
+this.samplePolityHistory(polity);
+history.ended = this.year;
+history.active = false;
+history.fate = reason;
+history.centerCityId = polity.centerCityId ?? history.centerCityId;
+this.polityHistory.delete(polity.id);
+this.deadPolityHistories.push(history);
+while (this.deadPolityHistories.length > 80) this.deadPolityHistories.shift();
+}
+getAllPolityHistories() {
+return [...this.deadPolityHistories, ...this.polityHistory.values()]
+.sort((a, b) => (a.founded - b.founded) || (a.id - b.id));
+}
+addCityToPolity(city, polity, initialLoyalty = 0.5) {
+if (!city || !polity) return;
+if (city.polityId !== null && city.polityId !== polity.id) this.removeCityFromPolity(city);
+city.polityId = polity.id;
+city.loyalty = clamp(initialLoyalty, 0, 1);
+city.receivedAid = false;
+polity.cityIds.add(city.id);
+}
+removeCityFromPolity(city) {
+if (!city || city.polityId === null) return;
+const oldPolity = this.getPolityById(city.polityId);
+if (oldPolity) oldPolity.cityIds.delete(city.id);
+city.polityId = null;
+city.loyalty = 0.45;
+city.receivedAid = false;
+}
+isPolityAtWar(polityId) {
+return this.wars.some(war => war.ended === null && (war.aPolityId === polityId || war.bPolityId === polityId));
+}
+getWarBetween(aId, bId) {
+return this.wars.find(war =>
+war.ended === null &&
+((war.aPolityId === aId && war.bPolityId === bId) || (war.aPolityId === bId && war.bPolityId === aId))
+) || null;
+}
+startWar(a, b) {
+if (!a || !b || a.id === b.id) return null;
+if (this.getWarBetween(a.id, b.id)) return null;
+if (this.isPolityAtWar(a.id) || this.isPolityAtWar(b.id)) return null;
+const id = this.nextWar++;
+const war = {
+id,
+aPolityId: a.id,
+bPolityId: b.id,
+started: this.year,
+lastActionYear: this.year,
+intensity: this.rng.range(0.45, 1.05),
+exhaustionA: 0,
+exhaustionB: 0,
+ended: null
+};
+this.wars.push(war);
+a.crisis = clamp((a.crisis || 0) + 0.04, 0, 1.5);
+b.crisis = clamp((b.crisis || 0) + 0.04, 0, 1.5);
+return war;
+}
+endWar(war) {
+if (!war || war.ended !== null) return;
+war.ended = this.year;
+}
+totalPolityPopulation(polity) {
+return this.getPolityCities(polity)
+.reduce((sum, city) => sum + Math.max(0, city.population || 0), 0);
+}
+averagePolityTechnology(polity) {
+const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
+if (!cities.length) return 0;
+let total = 0;
+let count = 0;
+for (const city of cities) {
+if (!city?.knowledge) continue;
+total += ((city.knowledge.farming || 0) + (city.knowledge.metallurgy || 0)) * 0.5;
+count++;
+}
+return count ? total / count : 0;
+}
+polityPower(polity) {
+const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
+if (!cities.length) return 0;
+const population = cities.reduce((sum, c) => sum + Math.max(0, c.population || 0), 0);
+const treasury = Math.max(0, polity.treasury || 0);
+const avgLoyalty = this.averagePolityLoyalty ? this.averagePolityLoyalty(polity) : 0.5;
+const tech = this.averagePolityTechnology(polity);
+const instability = this.polityInstability ? this.polityInstability(polity) : 0;
+const agePressure = this.polityAgePressure ? this.polityAgePressure(polity) : 0;
+const basePower = Math.max(0,
+Math.sqrt(population) * 1.35 +
+Math.sqrt(treasury) * 1.15 +
+avgLoyalty * 16 +
+tech * 24 -
+instability * 12 -
+agePressure * 6
+);
+return basePower * clamp(polity.charisma ?? 1, 0.5, 1.5);
+}
+polityInfluenceRange(polity, wartime = false) {
+const power = this.polityPower(polity);
+const base = 18 + Math.sqrt(power) * 2.2;
+const range = wartime ? base * 1.15 : base * 0.75;
+return clamp(range, wartime ? 24 : 18, wartime ? 60 : 42);
+}
+nearestPolityCity(polity, city) {
+if (!polity || !city) return null;
+let best = null;
+let bestDistance = Infinity;
+for (const source of this.getPolityCities(polity)) {
+const distance = this.effectiveDistance ? this.effectiveDistance(source, city) : this.distanceBetweenCities(source, city);
+if (distance < bestDistance) {
+best = source;
+bestDistance = distance;
+}
+}
+return best;
+}
+polityConnectionToCity(polity, city) {
+if (!polity || !city) return { source: null, distance: Infinity, connected: false };
+let source = null;
+let distance = Infinity;
+for (const c of this.getPolityCities(polity)) {
+if (c.id === city.id) continue;
+const d = this.effectiveDistance(c, city);
+if (d < distance) {
+source = c;
+distance = d;
+}
+}
+const limit = SimConfig.polity.logisticsDistance;
+return { source, distance, connected: !!source && distance <= limit };
+}
+polityDistance(a, b) {
+const aCities = this.getPolityCities(a);
+const bCities = this.getPolityCities(b);
+if (!aCities.length || !bCities.length) return Infinity;
+let best = Infinity;
+for (const aCity of aCities) {
+for (const bCity of bCities) {
+const distance = this.effectiveDistance ? this.effectiveDistance(aCity, bCity) : this.distanceBetweenCities(aCity, bCity);
+if (distance < best) best = distance;
+}
+}
+return best;
+}
+polityAge(polity) {
+return (this.year - (polity?.founded ?? this.year)) / MONTHS_PER_YEAR;
+}
+polityAgePressure(polity) {
+const age = this.polityAge(polity);
+if (age < 80) return 0;
+const x = (age - 80) / 420;
+return clamp(1 - Math.exp(-x), 0, 1.35);
+}
+polityOverextension(polity) {
+const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
+const center = this.getCityById(polity.centerCityId);
+if (!center || cities.length <= 1) return 0;
+const cityCountPressure = Math.max(0, cities.length - 5) * 0.08;
+let distanceSum = 0;
+let count = 0;
+for (const city of cities) {
+if (city.id === center.id) continue;
+distanceSum += this.effectiveDistance(center, city);
+count++;
+}
+const avgDistance = count ? distanceSum / count : 0;
+const distancePressure = Math.max(0, avgDistance - 28) * 0.008;
+return clamp(cityCountPressure + distancePressure, 0, 2);
+}
+polityResourceStress(polity) {
+const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
+if (!cities.length) return 1;
+let poor = 0;
+let supplyStress = 0;
+for (const city of cities) {
+const perCapita = city.storedResources / Math.max(1, city.population);
+if (perCapita < 0.06) poor++;
+supplyStress += city.supplyStress || 0;
+}
+const povertyRate = poor / cities.length;
+const avgSupplyStress = supplyStress / cities.length;
+const treasuryPerCity = (polity.treasury || 0) / Math.max(1, cities.length);
+const treasuryStress = treasuryPerCity < 2 ? (2 - treasuryPerCity) / 2 : 0;
+return clamp(povertyRate * 0.55 + avgSupplyStress * 0.35 + treasuryStress * 0.28, 0, 1.5);
+}
+polityLogisticsStress(polity) {
+const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
+const center = this.getCityById(polity.centerCityId);
+if (!center || cities.length <= 1) return 0;
+let stress = 0;
+let count = 0;
+for (const city of cities) {
+if (city.id === center.id) continue;
+const distance = this.effectiveDistance(center, city);
+const food = city.storedResources / Math.max(1, city.population);
+const distanceStress = Math.max(0, distance - SimConfig.polity.logisticsDistance) * 0.012;
+const foodStress = Math.max(0, SimConfig.polity.minimumPerCapitaFood - food) * 4.5;
+const routeRelief = this.hasDirectTradeConnection(center, city) ? 0.72 : 1;
+stress += (distanceStress + foodStress + (city.supplyStress || 0) * 0.35) * routeRelief;
+count++;
+}
+return clamp(stress / Math.max(1, count), 0, 1.8);
+}
+polityEthnicFragmentation(polity) {
+const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
+if (cities.length <= 1) return 0;
+const counts = new Map();
+for (const city of cities) {
+const e = this.dominantCityEthnicity(city);
+if (e !== null) counts.set(e, (counts.get(e) || 0) + 1);
+}
+if (!counts.size) return 0;
+let max = 0;
+for (const v of counts.values()) max = Math.max(max, v);
+const dominantShare = max / cities.length;
+return clamp(1 - dominantShare, 0, 1);
+}
+polityInstability(polity) {
+const agePressure = this.polityAgePressure(polity);
+const overextension = this.polityOverextension(polity);
+const resourceStress = this.polityResourceStress(polity);
+const logisticsStress = this.polityLogisticsStress(polity);
+const fragmentation = this.polityEthnicFragmentation(polity);
+const legitimacyBuffer = (polity.legitimacy ?? 0.7) * 0.85;
+const cohesionBuffer = (polity.cohesion ?? 0.6) * 0.62;
+return clamp(
+agePressure * 0.35 +
+overextension * 0.24 +
+resourceStress * 0.38 +
+logisticsStress * 0.30 +
+fragmentation * 0.22 +
+(polity.crisis || 0) * 0.42 -
+legitimacyBuffer -
+cohesionBuffer,
+0,
+2.5
+);
+}
+foundPolities() {
+for (const city of this.cities) {
+if (city.polityId !== null || city.population < 55 || city.storedResources < 18) continue;
+const centerInfluence = this.cityInfluence(city);
+let absorbed = 0;
+for (const other of this.cities) {
+if (absorbed >= 3) break;
+if (other === city || other.polityId !== null) continue;
+if (this.distanceBetweenCities(city, other) > 34) continue;
+const targetInfluence = this.cityInfluence(other);
+if (centerInfluence <= targetInfluence * 1.08) continue;
+const proximity = 1 / (1 + this.distanceBetweenCities(city, other) * 0.08);
+const routeBonus = this.hasDirectTradeConnection(city, other) ? 1.5 : 1.0;
+const dominanceScore = (centerInfluence / (targetInfluence + 1)) * proximity * routeBonus;
+if (dominanceScore > 0.68 && this.rng.next() < 0.32) {
+const polity = city.polityId === null ? this.createPolity(city) : this.getPolityById(city.polityId);
+const connection = this.polityConnectionToCity(polity, other);
+if (!connection.connected) continue;
+this.addCityToPolity(other, polity, 0.68);
+absorbed++;
+}
+}
+}
+}
+expandPolities() {
+for (const polity of this.polities) {
+const center = this.getCityById(polity.centerCityId);
+if (!center) continue;
+const centerInfluence = this.cityInfluence(center);
+let absorbed = 0;
+for (const city of this.cities) {
+if (absorbed >= 2) break;
+if (city.polityId !== null || city.id === center.id) continue;
+const connection = this.polityConnectionToCity(polity, city);
+if (!connection.connected) continue;
+const distance = connection.distance;
+const targetInfluence = this.cityInfluence(city);
+if (centerInfluence <= targetInfluence * 0.9) continue;
+const dominanceScore =
+(centerInfluence / (targetInfluence + 1)) *
+(1 / (1 + distance * 0.08)) *
+(this.hasDirectTradeConnection(connection.source, city) ? 1.5 : 1.0);
+if (dominanceScore > 0.62 && this.rng.next() < 0.24) {
+this.addCityToPolity(city, polity, 0.62);
+absorbed++;
+}
+}
+}
+}
+absorbIndependentCities() {
+if (this.year % years(5) !== 0) return;
+for (const polity of this.polities) {
+const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
+if (!cities.length) continue;
+const power = this.polityPower(polity);
+const range = this.polityInfluenceRange(polity, false);
+let absorbed = 0;
+const candidates = this.cities
+.filter(city => city.polityId === null && city.population > 0)
+.map(city => ({ city, connection: this.polityConnectionToCity(polity, city) }))
+.filter(x => x.connection.connected && x.connection.distance <= range)
+.sort((a, b) => a.connection.distance - b.connection.distance);
+for (const { city, connection } of candidates) {
+if (absorbed >= 1) break;
+const distance = connection.distance;
+const cityInfluence = this.cityInfluence ? this.cityInfluence(city) : Math.sqrt(city.population || 1);
+const proximity = 1 / (1 + distance * 0.07);
+const pressure = (power / Math.max(1, cityInfluence)) * proximity;
+if (pressure > 0.75 && this.rng.next() < clamp(pressure * 0.055, 0.01, 0.22)) {
+this.addCityToPolity(city, polity, 0.42);
+city.population = Math.max(1, Math.floor(city.population * this.rng.range(0.95, 0.99)));
+absorbed++;
+}
+}
+}
+}
+maybeStartWars() {
+if (this.year % years(10) !== 0) return;
+for (const a of this.polities) {
+if (this.isPolityAtWar(a.id)) continue;
+const aPower = this.polityPower(a);
+if (aPower <= 0) continue;
+let started = false;
+for (const b of this.polities) {
+if (started) break;
+if (a.id >= b.id) continue;
+if (this.isPolityAtWar(b.id)) continue;
+if (this.getWarBetween(a.id, b.id)) continue;
+const distance = this.polityDistance(a, b);
+if (distance > 46) continue;
+const bPower = this.polityPower(b);
+if (bPower <= 0) continue;
+const larger = Math.max(aPower, bPower);
+const smaller = Math.min(aPower, bPower);
+const advantage = larger / Math.max(1, smaller);
+const proximity = clamp((46 - distance) / 46, 0, 1);
+const aInstability = this.polityInstability ? this.polityInstability(a) : 0;
+const bInstability = this.polityInstability ? this.polityInstability(b) : 0;
+const aAge = this.polityAgePressure ? this.polityAgePressure(a) : 0;
+const bAge = this.polityAgePressure ? this.polityAgePressure(b) : 0;
+const aOverextension = this.polityOverextension ? this.polityOverextension(a) : 0;
+const bOverextension = this.polityOverextension ? this.polityOverextension(b) : 0;
+const asymmetryPressure = clamp((advantage - 1.15) / 2.5, 0, 1);
+const weakSideInstability = aPower > bPower ? bInstability : aInstability;
+const weakSideAge = aPower > bPower ? bAge : aAge;
+const weakSideOverextension = aPower > bPower ? bOverextension : aOverextension;
+const generalInstability = Math.max(aInstability, bInstability) * 0.04;
+const borderFriction = this.borderFriction(a, b, distance);
+const chance =
+0.002 +
+proximity * 0.010 +
+asymmetryPressure * 0.010 +
+weakSideInstability * 0.020 +
+weakSideAge * 0.012 +
+weakSideOverextension * 0.012 +
+borderFriction * 0.010 +
+generalInstability;
+if (this.rng.next() < clamp(chance, 0, 0.08)) {
+this.startWar(a, b);
+started = true;
+}
+}
+}
+}
+borderFriction(a, b, distance) {
+if (!Number.isFinite(distance)) return 0;
+const proximity = clamp((34 - distance) / 34, 0, 1);
+const aCities = this.getPolityCities(a).length;
+const bCities = this.getPolityCities(b).length;
+const sizePressure = clamp((aCities + bCities - 3) / 8, 0, 1);
+return proximity * (0.35 + sizePressure * 0.65);
+}
+updateWars() {
+if (this.year % years(2) !== 0) return;
+for (const war of this.wars) {
+if (war.ended !== null) continue;
+const a = this.getPolityById(war.aPolityId);
+const b = this.getPolityById(war.bPolityId);
+if (!a || !b) {
+this.endWar(war);
+continue;
+}
+this.applyWarPressure(war, a, b);
+this.applyWarPressure(war, b, a);
+this.applyWarExhaustion(war, a, b);
+this.maybeEndWar(war);
+}
+this.wars = this.wars.filter(w => w.ended === null);
+}
+applyWarPressure(war, attacker, defender) {
+const attackerCities = this.getPolityCities(attacker);
+const defenderCities = this.getPolityCities(defender);
+if (!attackerCities.length || !defenderCities.length) return;
+const attackerPower = this.polityPower(attacker);
+const defenderPower = this.polityPower(defender);
+if (attackerPower <= defenderPower * 1.05) return;
+const range = this.polityInfluenceRange(attacker, true);
+const candidates = defenderCities
+.filter(city => city.id !== defender.centerCityId || defenderCities.length <= 2)
+.map(city => ({ city, connection: this.polityConnectionToCity(attacker, city) }))
+.filter(x => x.connection.connected && x.connection.distance <= range)
+.sort((a, b) => a.connection.distance - b.connection.distance);
+if (!candidates.length) return;
+const topCandidates = candidates.slice(0, 3);
+const selected = topCandidates[this.rng.int(topCandidates.length)];
+const pressure = this.warAbsorptionPressure(
+attacker,
+defender,
+selected.city,
+selected.connection.distance,
+attackerPower,
+defenderPower
+);
+const chance = clamp(pressure * 0.065 * (war.intensity || 0.75), 0.01, 0.45);
+if (pressure > 0.95 && this.rng.next() < chance) {
+this.captureCityInWar(selected.city, attacker, defender, war, pressure);
+} else {
+selected.city.loyalty = clamp((selected.city.loyalty ?? 0.5) - pressure * 0.012, 0, 1);
+}
+}
+warAbsorptionPressure(attacker, defender, city, distance, attackerPower, defenderPower) {
+const powerRatio = attackerPower / Math.max(1, defenderPower);
+const proximity = 1 / (1 + distance * 0.055);
+const defenderInstability = this.polityInstability ? this.polityInstability(defender) : 0;
+const defenderAge = this.polityAgePressure ? this.polityAgePressure(defender) : 0;
+const defenderOverextension = this.polityOverextension ? this.polityOverextension(defender) : 0;
+const loyaltyWeakness = 1 - clamp(city.loyalty ?? 0.5, 0, 1);
+const techAdvantage = 1 + clamp(
+this.averagePolityTechnology(attacker) - this.averagePolityTechnology(defender),
+-0.25,
+0.45
+);
+const nearest = this.nearestPolityCity(attacker, city);
+const ethnicityFactor = nearest && this.sameDominantEthnicity(city, nearest) ? 1.10 : 0.92;
+const tradeFactor = nearest && this.hasDirectTradeConnection && this.hasDirectTradeConnection(nearest, city) ? 1.15 : 1.0;
+return (
+powerRatio *
+proximity *
+techAdvantage *
+ethnicityFactor *
+tradeFactor *
+(1 + defenderInstability * 0.32) *
+(1 + defenderAge * 0.18) *
+(1 + defenderOverextension * 0.14) *
+(0.65 + loyaltyWeakness * 0.72)
+);
+}
+captureCityInWar(city, attacker, defender, war, pressure) {
+const lossRate = clamp(
+0.04 + pressure * 0.025 + (war.intensity || 0.75) * 0.025,
+0.05,
+0.22
+);
+const loss = Math.floor((city.population || 0) * lossRate);
+if (loss > 0) {
+city.population = Math.max(1, city.population - loss);
+if (typeof removeFromComposition === "function" && city.ethnicityComposition) {
+removeFromComposition(city.ethnicityComposition, loss);
+}
+this.deaths += Math.floor(loss * 0.35);
+}
+this.removeCityFromPolity(city);
+this.addCityToPolity(city, attacker, 0.28);
+city.loyalty = clamp(city.loyalty ?? 0.28, 0.20, 0.36);
+war.lastActionYear = this.year;
+if (war.aPolityId === attacker.id) {
+war.exhaustionA = clamp((war.exhaustionA || 0) + 0.04, 0, 1);
+war.exhaustionB = clamp((war.exhaustionB || 0) + 0.08, 0, 1);
+} else {
+war.exhaustionB = clamp((war.exhaustionB || 0) + 0.04, 0, 1);
+war.exhaustionA = clamp((war.exhaustionA || 0) + 0.08, 0, 1);
+}
+attacker.treasury = Math.max(0, (attacker.treasury || 0) - loss * 0.015);
+attacker.crisis = clamp((attacker.crisis || 0) + 0.035, 0, 1.5);
+defender.crisis = clamp((defender.crisis || 0) + 0.12, 0, 1.5);
+defender.legitimacy = clamp((defender.legitimacy ?? 0.7) - 0.05, 0, 1);
+}
+applyWarExhaustion(war, a, b) {
+const intensity = war.intensity || 0.75;
+const costA = 0.25 * intensity + this.getPolityCities(a).length * 0.035;
+const costB = 0.25 * intensity + this.getPolityCities(b).length * 0.035;
+a.treasury = Math.max(0, (a.treasury || 0) - costA);
+b.treasury = Math.max(0, (b.treasury || 0) - costB);
+a.crisis = clamp((a.crisis || 0) + 0.004 * intensity, 0, 1.5);
+b.crisis = clamp((b.crisis || 0) + 0.004 * intensity, 0, 1.5);
+war.exhaustionA = clamp((war.exhaustionA || 0) + 0.006 * intensity, 0, 1);
+war.exhaustionB = clamp((war.exhaustionB || 0) + 0.006 * intensity, 0, 1);
+}
+maybeEndWar(war) {
+const a = this.getPolityById(war.aPolityId);
+const b = this.getPolityById(war.bPolityId);
+if (!a || !b) {
+this.endWar(war);
+return;
+}
+const age = this.year - war.started;
+const noActionFor = this.year - war.lastActionYear;
+const exhaustion = Math.max(war.exhaustionA || 0, war.exhaustionB || 0);
+if (age > years(90)) {
+this.endWar(war);
+return;
+}
+if (age > years(10) && noActionFor > years(18)) {
+this.endWar(war);
+return;
+}
+if (exhaustion > 0.85 && this.rng.next() < 0.35) {
+this.endWar(war);
+}
+}
+collectAndRedistributeResources() {
+for (const polity of this.polities) {
+const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
+const centerId = polity.centerCityId;
+for (const city of cities) city.receivedAid = false;
+for (const city of cities) {
+if (city.id === centerId) continue;
+const tax = city.storedResources * 0.035;
+city.storedResources -= tax;
+polity.treasury += tax;
+}
+const agePressure = this.polityAgePressure(polity);
+const overextension = this.polityOverextension(polity);
+const adminCost =
+cities.length * 0.24 +
+overextension * 1.1 +
+agePressure * cities.length * 0.18;
+polity.treasury -= adminCost;
+if (polity.treasury < 0) {
+const deficit = Math.abs(polity.treasury);
+polity.treasury = 0;
+polity.crisis = clamp((polity.crisis || 0) + deficit * 0.012, 0, 1.5);
+}
+const maintenance = Math.pow(cities.length, 1.12) * 0.10;
+if (maintenance > 0) {
+const center = this.getCityById(centerId);
+const treasuryPayment = Math.min(polity.treasury, maintenance);
+polity.treasury -= treasuryPayment;
+const unpaid = maintenance - treasuryPayment;
+if (unpaid > 0 && center) {
+const paidByCenter = this.drainCityResources(center, unpaid);
+if (paidByCenter < unpaid) {
+for (const city of cities) {
+if (city.id !== centerId) city.loyalty = clamp(city.loyalty - 0.012, 0, 1);
+}
+}
+}
+}
+const poorCount = Math.ceil(cities.length * 0.1);
+const poorest = [...cities]
+.sort((a, b) => (a.storedResources / Math.max(1, a.population)) - (b.storedResources / Math.max(1, b.population)))
+.slice(0, poorCount);
+for (const city of poorest) {
+const target = city.population * 0.08;
+const need = target - city.storedResources;
+if (need > 0 && polity.treasury > 0) {
+const aid = Math.min(need, polity.treasury);
+city.storedResources += aid;
+polity.treasury -= aid;
+city.receivedAid = true;
+city.loyalty = clamp(city.loyalty + 0.05, 0, 1);
+}
+}
+}
+}
+erodePolityLegitimacy() {
+for (const polity of this.polities) {
+const agePressure = this.polityAgePressure(polity);
+const resourceStress = this.polityResourceStress(polity);
+const overextension = this.polityOverextension(polity);
+const erosion =
+0.0015 +
+agePressure * 0.003 +
+resourceStress * 0.003 +
+overextension * 0.0015;
+polity.legitimacy = clamp((polity.legitimacy ?? 0.7) - erosion, 0, 1);
+polity.cohesion = clamp((polity.cohesion ?? 0.6) - erosion * 0.45, 0, 1);
+const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
+if (this.polityAge(polity) < 80 && polity.treasury > cities.length * 10) {
+polity.legitimacy = clamp(polity.legitimacy + 0.008, 0, 1);
+polity.cohesion = clamp(polity.cohesion + 0.005, 0, 1);
+}
+polity.crisis = clamp((polity.crisis || 0) * 0.88, 0, 1.5);
+}
+}
+triggerPolityCrises() {
+for (const polity of this.polities) {
+const age = this.polityAge(polity);
+if (age < 140) continue;
+if ((this.year - (polity.lastCrisisYear ?? 0)) / MONTHS_PER_YEAR < 160) continue;
+const instability = this.polityInstability(polity);
+const agePressure = this.polityAgePressure(polity);
+const chance = 0.006 + agePressure * 0.018 + instability * 0.014;
+if (this.rng.next() >= chance) continue;
+polity.lastCrisisYear = this.year;
+const severity = clamp(
+0.08 +
+agePressure * this.rng.range(0.08, 0.20) +
+instability * this.rng.range(0.05, 0.16),
+0.05,
+0.36
+);
+polity.crisis = clamp((polity.crisis || 0) + severity, 0, 1.5);
+polity.legitimacy = clamp((polity.legitimacy ?? 0.7) - severity * 0.30, 0, 1);
+polity.cohesion = clamp((polity.cohesion ?? 0.6) - severity * 0.18, 0, 1);
+const center = this.getCityById(polity.centerCityId);
+for (const city of this.getPolityCities(polity)) {
+if (city.id === polity.centerCityId) continue;
+const distance = center ? this.effectiveDistance(center, city) : 40;
+const distanceFactor = clamp(distance / 40, 0.25, 1);
+city.loyalty = clamp(city.loyalty - severity * distanceFactor, 0, 1);
+}
+}
+}
+applyOldStateStress() {
+for (const polity of this.polities) {
+const age = this.polityAge(polity);
+if (age < 1000) continue;
+const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
+if (cities.length <= 1) continue;
+const oldAge = clamp((age - 1000) / 1000, 0, 1);
+polity.legitimacy = clamp((polity.legitimacy ?? 0.7) - oldAge * 0.018, 0, 1);
+polity.cohesion = clamp((polity.cohesion ?? 0.6) - oldAge * 0.012, 0, 1);
+polity.crisis = clamp((polity.crisis || 0) + oldAge * 0.035, 0, 1.5);
+const center = this.getCityById(polity.centerCityId);
+for (const city of cities) {
+if (city.id === polity.centerCityId) continue;
+const distance = center ? this.effectiveDistance(center, city) : 40;
+const distanceFactor = clamp(distance / 35, 0.2, 1);
+city.loyalty = clamp(city.loyalty - oldAge * distanceFactor * 0.045, 0, 1);
+}
+}
+}
+updateCityLoyalty() {
+for (const polity of this.polities) {
+const center = this.getCityById(polity.centerCityId);
+if (!center) continue;
+center.loyalty = 1;
+const instability = this.polityInstability(polity);
+const agePressure = this.polityAgePressure(polity);
+const overextension = this.polityOverextension(polity);
+const logisticsStress = this.polityLogisticsStress(polity);
+for (const city of this.getPolityCities(polity)) {
+if (city.id === center.id) continue;
+const perCapita = city.storedResources / Math.max(1, city.population);
+const distance = this.effectiveDistance(city, center);
+let delta = 0;
+delta += clamp((perCapita - 0.10) * 0.07, -0.025, 0.045);
+delta += this.sameDominantEthnicity(city, center) ? 0.03 : -0.012;
+delta += clamp(0.045 - distance * 0.0011, -0.025, 0.045);
+if (this.hasDirectTradeConnection(city, center)) delta += 0.025;
+if (city.receivedAid) delta += 0.04;
+delta -= 0.004;
+if (city.storedResources < city.population * 0.05) delta -= 0.035;
+delta -= (city.supplyStress || 0) * 0.018;
+delta -= instability * 0.020;
+delta -= agePressure * 0.010;
+delta -= overextension * clamp(distance / 48, 0, 1) * 0.014;
+delta -= logisticsStress * clamp(distance / 42, 0.25, 1) * 0.018;
+if ((polity.legitimacy ?? 0.7) < 0.25) delta -= 0.020;
+if ((polity.crisis || 0) > 0.6) delta -= 0.014;
+city.loyalty = clamp(city.loyalty + delta, 0, 1);
+}
+}
+}
+splitUnloyalCities() {
+for (const polity of this.polities) {
+const instability = this.polityInstability(polity);
+const agePressure = this.polityAgePressure(polity);
+const threshold = clamp(0.14 + instability * 0.05 + agePressure * 0.03, 0.14, 0.28);
+for (const city of this.getPolityCities(polity)) {
+if (city.id === polity.centerCityId || city.loyalty >= threshold) continue;
+const chance =
+(threshold - city.loyalty) * 0.28 +
+instability * 0.012 +
+agePressure * 0.010;
+if (this.rng.next() < chance) this.removeCityFromPolity(city);
+}
+}
+}
+enforcePolityContinuity(polity) {
+const center = this.getCityById(polity.centerCityId);
+const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
+if (!center || cities.length <= 1) return cities;
+const limit = SimConfig.polity.logisticsDistance;
+const reachable = new Set([center.id]);
+const frontier = [center];
+while (frontier.length) {
+const source = frontier.pop();
+for (const city of cities) {
+if (reachable.has(city.id)) continue;
+if (this.effectiveDistance(source, city) > limit) continue;
+reachable.add(city.id);
+frontier.push(city);
+}
+}
+const isolated = cities.filter(city => !reachable.has(city.id));
+if (!isolated.length) return cities;
+for (const city of isolated) {
+this.removeCityFromPolity(city);
+city.loyalty = clamp(city.loyalty - 0.12, 0, 1);
+}
+polity.cohesion = clamp((polity.cohesion ?? 0.6) - isolated.length * 0.035, 0, 1);
+polity.legitimacy = clamp((polity.legitimacy ?? 0.7) - isolated.length * 0.02, 0, 1);
+polity.crisis = clamp((polity.crisis || 0) + isolated.length * 0.025, 0, 1.5);
+return this.getPolityCities(polity);
+}
+detectPolityFamines() {
+const minimumFood = SimConfig.polity?.minimumPerCapitaFood ?? 0.06;
+for (const polity of this.polities) {
+const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
+if (!cities.length) continue;
+let poorCities = 0;
+let totalFood = 0;
+let totalPopulation = 0;
+for (const city of cities) {
+const population = Math.max(1, city.population || 0);
+const perCapita = (city.storedResources || 0) / population;
+if (perCapita < minimumFood) poorCities++;
+totalFood += city.storedResources || 0;
+totalPopulation += population;
+}
+const poorRate = poorCities / cities.length;
+const avgPerCapitaFood = totalFood / Math.max(1, totalPopulation);
+const famine = (cities.length >= 2 && poorRate >= 0.45) || avgPerCapitaFood < 0.035;
+if (!famine) continue;
+if (polity.lastFamineYear && this.year - polity.lastFamineYear < years(60)) continue;
+this.addPolityEvent(polity.id, "famine", this.year, {
+poorRate,
+avgPerCapitaFood
+}, poorRate > 0.65 ? 3 : 2);
+polity.lastFamineYear = this.year;
+}
+}
+cleanupPolities() {
+const survivors = [];
+for (const polity of this.polities) {
+const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
+if (!cities.length) {
+this.markPolityEnded(polity, "collapsed");
+continue;
+}
+let center = this.getCityById(polity.centerCityId);
+if (!center || center.population <= 0) {
+const oldCenterCityId = polity.centerCityId;
+center = cities.reduce((best, city) => this.cityInfluence(city) > this.cityInfluence(best) ? city : best, cities[0]);
+polity.centerCityId = center.id;
+center.loyalty = 1;
+if (oldCenterCityId !== center.id) {
+this.addPolityEvent(polity.id, "capitalShift", this.year, {
+oldCenterCityId,
+newCenterCityId: center.id
+}, 2);
+}
+polity.treasury *= 0.5;
+polity.legitimacy = clamp((polity.legitimacy ?? 0.7) - 0.22, 0, 1);
+polity.cohesion = clamp((polity.cohesion ?? 0.6) - 0.16, 0, 1);
+polity.crisis = clamp((polity.crisis || 0) + 0.35, 0, 1.5);
+polity.lastCrisisYear = this.year;
+for (const city of cities) {
+if (city.id !== center.id) city.loyalty = clamp(city.loyalty - 0.18, 0, 1);
+}
+const history = this.ensurePolityHistory(polity);
+if (history) history.centerCityId = center.id;
+}
+const connectedCities = this.enforcePolityContinuity(polity);
+if (connectedCities.length !== cities.length) {
+cities.length = 0;
+cities.push(...connectedCities);
+}
+if (cities.length === 1) {
+this.markPolityEnded(polity, "fragmented");
+cities[0].polityId = null;
+cities[0].loyalty = 0.45;
+cities[0].receivedAid = false;
+continue;
+}
+survivors.push(polity);
+}
+this.polities = survivors;
+this.rebuildIndexes();
+const validPolities = new Set(this.polities.map(p => p.id));
+for (const city of this.cities) {
+if (city.polityId !== null && !validPolities.has(city.polityId)) {
+city.polityId = null;
+city.loyalty = 0.45;
+city.receivedAid = false;
+}
+}
+}
+updatePolities() {
+if (this.year % years(1) !== 0) return;
+this.cleanupPolities();
+this.foundPolities();
+this.expandPolities();
+if (this.reinforcePolityTradeRoutes) this.reinforcePolityTradeRoutes();
+this.collectAndRedistributeResources();
+this.detectPolityFamines();
+if (this.erodePolityLegitimacy) this.erodePolityLegitimacy();
+if (this.triggerPolityCrises) this.triggerPolityCrises();
+if (this.applyOldStateStress) this.applyOldStateStress();
+if (this.updatePolityLeaders) this.updatePolityLeaders();
+this.updateCityLoyalty();
+this.absorbIndependentCities();
+this.maybeStartWars();
+this.updateWars();
+this.splitUnloyalCities();
+this.cleanupPolities();
+if (this.samplePolityHistories) this.samplePolityHistories();
+}
+reinforcePolityTradeRoutes() {
+const w = this.world;
+for (const polity of this.polities) {
+if (this.rng.next() > 0.48) continue;
+const center = this.getCityById(polity.centerCityId);
+if (!center) continue;
+const candidates = this.getPolityCities(polity)
+.filter(city => city.id !== center.id && !this.hasDirectTradeConnection(center, city))
+.filter(city => this.distanceBetweenCities(center, city) <= 40)
+.sort((a, b) => this.effectiveDistance(center, a) - this.effectiveDistance(center, b));
+if (!candidates.length) continue;
+const target = candidates[Math.min(candidates.length - 1, this.rng.int(Math.min(3, candidates.length)))];
+const path = this.findTerrainRoute(center.x, center.y, target.x, target.y);
+if (!this.isValidRoutePath(path, target.x, target.y)) continue;
+const cities = this.getPolityCities(polity);
+const roadCost = 8 + cities.length * 1.5 + this.polityOverextension(polity) * 3;
+if ((polity.treasury || 0) < roadCost) {
+polity.crisis = clamp((polity.crisis || 0) + 0.025, 0, 1.5);
+continue;
+}
+polity.treasury -= roadCost;
+if (!this.payRouteConstructionCost(center, target, path, polity)) continue;
+center.tradeLinks.add(target.id);
+target.tradeLinks.add(center.id);
+this.tradeLinks.push({ from: center.id, to: target.id, strength: 0.22, path });
+for (const tile of path) {
+w.tradeRoute[tile] = Math.min(255, w.tradeRoute[tile] + 34);
+w.pheromone[tile] += 2.4;
+}
+}
+}
+updateTradeRoutes() {
+const w = this.world;
+for (let i = 0; i < w.count; i++) {
+const invalidTerrain = w.terrain[i] === Terrain.WATER || w.move[i] > 2.2;
+if (invalidTerrain) w.tradeRoute[i] = 0;
+else if (w.tradeRoute[i] > 0 && this.year % years(4) === 0) w.tradeRoute[i] = Math.max(0, w.tradeRoute[i] - 2);
+}
+this.tradeLinks = [];
+for (const city of this.cities) city.tradeLinks.clear();
+const pairCandidates = [];
+const maxPairsToRoute = clamp(this.cities.length * 7, 80, 1400);
+const sqrtPop = new Map(this.cities.map(city => [city.id, Math.sqrt(city.population || 1)]));
+for (let a = 0; a < this.cities.length; a++) {
+for (let b = a + 1; b < this.cities.length; b++) {
+const c1 = this.cities[a];
+const c2 = this.cities[b];
+const d = Math.abs(c1.x - c2.x) + Math.abs(c1.y - c2.y);
+if (d > 44) continue;
+const distanceFactor = clamp((d - 14) / 30, 0, 1);
+const marketScale = clamp(((sqrtPop.get(c1.id) || 1) + (sqrtPop.get(c2.id) || 1)) / 34, 0.45, 2.1);
+const routeBias = this.hasDirectTradeConnection(c1, c2) ? 0.25 : 0;
+const preliminaryScore = marketScale * (1 + distanceFactor * 0.9) + routeBias;
+pairCandidates.push({ c1, c2, d, distanceFactor, marketScale, preliminaryScore });
+}
+}
+pairCandidates.sort((a, b) => b.preliminaryScore - a.preliminaryScore);
+const candidates = [];
+for (const pair of pairCandidates.slice(0, maxPairsToRoute)) {
+const { c1, c2, distanceFactor, marketScale } = pair;
+const path = this.findTerrainRoute(c1.x, c1.y, c2.x, c2.y);
+if (!this.isValidRoutePath(path, c2.x, c2.y)) continue;
+const strength = this.routeStrengthForPath(path);
+if (strength < 0.08) continue;
+if (!this.canPayRouteConstructionCost(c1, c2, path)) continue;
+const tradeScore = strength * (1 + distanceFactor * 0.7) * marketScale;
+candidates.push({ c1, c2, strength, path, tradeScore });
+}
+candidates.sort((a, b) => b.tradeScore - a.tradeScore);
+const maxLinks = Math.max(1, Math.floor(this.cities.length / 2));
+const supportedRoutes = new Set();
+for (const candidate of candidates) {
+if (this.tradeLinks.length >= maxLinks) break;
+const { c1, c2, strength, path } = candidate;
+const c1Limit = c1.population > 90 ? 3 : 2;
+const c2Limit = c2.population > 90 ? 3 : 2;
+if (c1.tradeLinks.size >= c1Limit || c2.tradeLinks.size >= c2Limit) continue;
+if (!this.payRouteConstructionCost(c1, c2, path)) continue;
+c1.tradeLinks.add(c2.id);
+c2.tradeLinks.add(c1.id);
+this.tradeLinks.push({ from: c1.id, to: c2.id, strength, path });
+this.exchangeCityResources(c1, c2, strength, path);
+for (const tile of path) {
+supportedRoutes.add(tile);
+w.tradeRoute[tile] = Math.min(255, w.tradeRoute[tile] + 18);
+}
+}
+for (let i = 0; i < w.count; i++) {
+if (w.tradeRoute[i] && !supportedRoutes.has(i)) w.tradeRoute[i] = Math.max(0, w.tradeRoute[i] - 4);
+}
+this.activeTradeRouteTiles = new Set();
+for (let i = 0; i < w.count; i++) {
+if (w.tradeRoute[i]) this.activeTradeRouteTiles.add(i);
+}
+this.diffuseCityKnowledgeThroughTrade();
+}
+diffuseCityKnowledgeThroughTrade() {
+for (const link of this.tradeLinks) {
+const a = this.getCityById(link.from);
+const b = this.getCityById(link.to);
+if (!a || !b) continue;
+a.knowledge ??= { farming: 0, metallurgy: 0 };
+b.knowledge ??= { farming: 0, metallurgy: 0 };
+const rate = clamp(SimConfig.technology.tradeDiffusion * (0.5 + link.strength), 0, 0.012);
+const farmingDelta = (a.knowledge.farming - b.knowledge.farming) * rate;
+const metallurgyDelta = (a.knowledge.metallurgy - b.knowledge.metallurgy) * rate;
+a.knowledge.farming = clamp(a.knowledge.farming - farmingDelta, 0, 1);
+b.knowledge.farming = clamp(b.knowledge.farming + farmingDelta, 0, 1);
+a.knowledge.metallurgy = clamp(a.knowledge.metallurgy - metallurgyDelta, 0, 1);
+b.knowledge.metallurgy = clamp(b.knowledge.metallurgy + metallurgyDelta, 0, 1);
+}
+}
+findTerrainRoute(x1, y1, x2, y2) {
+const w = this.world;
+const path = [];
+const visited = new Set();
+let x = x1;
+let y = y1;
+const maxSteps = Math.min(w.size * 2, Math.abs(x1 - x2) + Math.abs(y1 - y2) + 60);
+const directions = [
+[1, 0],
+[-1, 0],
+[0, 1],
+[0, -1]
+];
+for (let step = 0; step < maxSteps; step++) {
+const current = w.idx(x, y);
+path.push(current);
+visited.add(current);
+if (x === x2 && y === y2) break;
+let bestX = x;
+let bestY = y;
+let bestScore = Infinity;
+for (const [dx, dy] of directions) {
+const nx = x + dx;
+const ny = y + dy;
+if (nx < 0 || ny < 0 || nx >= w.size || ny >= w.size) continue;
+const i = w.idx(nx, ny);
+const terrainCost = w.move[i] + (w.terrain[i] === Terrain.WATER ? 8 : 0) + (w.terrain[i] === Terrain.MOUNTAIN ? 2.2 : 0);
+const revisitCost = visited.has(i) ? 5 : 0;
+const routeEase = w.tradeRoute[i] ? -2 : 0;
+const pheromoneEase = -clamp(w.pheromone[i] / 12, 0, 1.4);
+const distance = Math.abs(nx - x2) + Math.abs(ny - y2);
+const score = distance * 1.4 + terrainCost * 1.65 + revisitCost + routeEase + pheromoneEase;
+if (score < bestScore) {
+bestScore = score;
+bestX = nx;
+bestY = ny;
+}
+}
+if (bestX === x && bestY === y) break;
+x = bestX;
+y = bestY;
+}
+return path;
+}
+routeStrengthForPath(path) {
+const w = this.world;
+if (!path.length) return 0;
+let route = 0;
+let pheromone = 0;
+let terrainEase = 0;
+for (const i of path) {
+route += w.tradeRoute[i] > 0 ? 1 : 0;
+pheromone += clamp(w.pheromone[i] / 9, 0, 1);
+terrainEase += 1 / Math.max(1, w.move[i]);
+}
+return route / path.length * 0.45 + pheromone / path.length * 0.35 + terrainEase / path.length * 0.2;
+}
+isValidRoutePath(path, targetX, targetY) {
+const w = this.world;
+if (!path.length) return false;
+const last = path[path.length - 1];
+if (last % w.size !== targetX || Math.floor(last / w.size) !== targetY) return false;
+if (path.length > 42) return false;
+let totalCost = 0;
+let hardTiles = 0;
+const seen = new Set();
+for (const tile of path) {
+if (seen.has(tile)) return false;
+seen.add(tile);
+if (w.terrain[tile] === Terrain.WATER) return false;
+totalCost += w.move[tile];
+if (w.move[tile] > 1.8) hardTiles++;
+}
+return totalCost / path.length <= 1.55 && hardTiles / path.length <= 0.12;
+}
+exchangeCityResources(a, b, strength, path) {
+const delta = (a.storedResources - b.storedResources) * 0.018 * strength;
+a.storedResources -= delta;
+b.storedResources += delta;
+const traffic = Math.min(0.8, strength * 0.26);
+this.depositRoutePheromone(path, traffic);
+}
+routeConstructionCost(path, polityBacked = false) {
+let weakTiles = 0;
+for (const tile of path) {
+if (this.world.tradeRoute[tile] < 24) weakTiles++;
+}
+return weakTiles * (polityBacked ? 0.22 : 0.16);
+}
+canPayRouteConstructionCost(cityA, cityB, path, polity = null) {
+const cost = this.routeConstructionCost(path, !!polity);
+if (cost <= 0) return true;
+return cityA.storedResources + cityB.storedResources + (polity?.treasury || 0) >= cost;
+}
+payRouteConstructionCost(cityA, cityB, path, polity = null) {
+const cost = this.routeConstructionCost(path, !!polity);
+if (cost <= 0) return true;
+if (!this.canPayRouteConstructionCost(cityA, cityB, path, polity)) return false;
+let remaining = cost;
+if (polity) {
+const treasuryPayment = Math.min(polity.treasury, cost * 0.65);
+polity.treasury -= treasuryPayment;
+remaining -= treasuryPayment;
+}
+const half = remaining * 0.5;
+const paidA = this.drainCityResources(cityA, half);
+const paidB = this.drainCityResources(cityB, half);
+remaining -= paidA + paidB;
+if (remaining > 0) remaining -= this.drainCityResources(cityA.storedResources >= cityB.storedResources ? cityA : cityB, remaining);
+if (remaining > 0 && polity) {
+const treasuryPayment = Math.min(polity.treasury, remaining);
+polity.treasury -= treasuryPayment;
+remaining -= treasuryPayment;
+}
+return remaining <= 0.001;
+}
+drainCityResources(city, amount) {
+const paid = Math.min(city.storedResources, amount);
+city.storedResources -= paid;
+return paid;
+}
+depositRoutePheromone(path, amount) {
+const w = this.world;
+for (const i of path) {
+w.pheromone[i] += amount;
+}
+}
+updateEthnicStats() {
+for (const e of this.ethnicities.values()) {
+e.population = 0;
+e.diversity = 0;
+e.centroidX = 0;
+e.centroidY = 0;
+e.activeTraitPopulation = 0;
+e.traitSums = emptyTraitSums();
+}
+for (const a of this.agents) {
+const e = this.ethnicities.get(a.ethnicity);
+if (!e) continue;
+e.population++;
+e.centroidX += a.x;
+e.centroidY += a.y;
+e.activeTraitPopulation++;
+addTraits(e.traitSums, a.traits);
+}
+for (const city of this.cities) {
+for (const [id, count] of city.ethnicityComposition) {
+const e = this.ethnicities.get(id);
+if (!e) continue;
+e.population += count;
+e.centroidX += city.x * count;
+e.centroidY += city.y * count;
+}
+}
+for (const e of this.ethnicities.values()) {
+if (!e.population) continue;
+e.centroidX /= e.population;
+e.centroidY /= e.population;
+const activeTraitCount = Math.max(1, e.activeTraitPopulation);
+e.averageTraits = averageTraits(e.traitSums, activeTraitCount);
+}
+for (const a of this.agents) {
+const e = this.ethnicities.get(a.ethnicity);
+if (e?.averageTraits) e.diversity += traitDistance(a.traits, e.averageTraits);
+}
+for (const e of this.ethnicities.values()) {
+if (e.population) e.diversity /= e.population;
+}
+}
+splitDivergentEthnicities() {
+for (const e of this.ethnicities.values()) {
+if (e.activeTraitPopulation < 24 || e.population < 40 || e.diversity < 0.14) continue;
+const candidates = [];
+let tempSum = 0;
+let humidSum = 0;
+for (const a of this.agents) {
+if (a.ethnicity !== e.id) continue;
+const far = traitDistance(a.traits, e.averageTraits) > e.diversity * 0.95;
+const spatial = Math.hypot(a.x - e.centroidX, a.y - e.centroidY) > this.world.size * 0.09;
+const tile = this.world.idx(a.x, a.y);
+const climate = this.climateMismatch(e.id, tile) > 0.18;
+if ((far || spatial || climate) && this.rng.next() < 0.72) {
+candidates.push(a);
+tempSum += this.world.temperature[tile];
+humidSum += this.world.humidity[tile];
+}
+}
+if (candidates.length >= 6) {
+const newId = this.createEthnicity(e.id, {
+temperature: tempSum / candidates.length,
+humidity: humidSum / candidates.length
+});
+for (const a of candidates) a.ethnicity = newId;
+}
+}
+}
+toJSON() {
+return {
+version: SimConfig.save.version,
+rngSeed: this.rng.seed,
+year: this.year,
+deaths: this.deaths,
+nextEthnicity: this.nextEthnicity,
+nextCity: this.nextCity,
+nextPolity: this.nextPolity,
+nextWar: this.nextWar,
+nextDisaster: this.nextDisaster,
+maxAgents: this.maxAgents,
+world: {
+size: this.world.size,
+terrain: packArray(this.world.terrain),
+resource: packArray(this.world.resource),
+regen: packArray(this.world.regen),
+move: packArray(this.world.move),
+fertility: packArray(this.world.fertility),
+mineral: packArray(this.world.mineral),
+temperature: packArray(this.world.temperature),
+humidity: packArray(this.world.humidity),
+pheromone: packArray(this.world.pheromone),
+tradeRoute: packArray(this.world.tradeRoute),
+farmland: packArray(this.world.farmland),
+cityPull: packArray(this.world.cityPull),
+city: packArray(this.world.city),
+pressure: packArray(this.world.pressure),
+dominantEthnicity: packArray(this.world.dominantEthnicity),
+cultureDiversity: packArray(this.world.cultureDiversity)
+},
+agents: this.agents,
+ethnicities: [...this.ethnicities.values()].map(e => ({
+id: e.id,
+parent: e.parent,
+born: e.born,
+climateTemp: e.climateTemp,
+climateHumidity: e.climateHumidity,
+color: e.color
+})),
+cities: this.cities.map(c => ({
+...c,
+ethnicityComposition: [...c.ethnicityComposition],
+tradeLinks: [...c.tradeLinks]
+})),
+polities: this.polities.map(p => ({
+id: p.id,
+centerCityId: p.centerCityId,
+cityIds: [...p.cityIds],
+treasury: p.treasury,
+color: p.color,
+founded: p.founded,
+legitimacy: p.legitimacy,
+cohesion: p.cohesion,
+charisma: p.charisma,
+leaderStarted: p.leaderStarted,
+leaderTenureYears: p.leaderTenureYears,
+crisis: p.crisis,
+lastCrisisYear: p.lastCrisisYear,
+lastFamineYear: p.lastFamineYear ?? null
+})),
+wars: this.wars,
+disasters: this.disasters,
+disasterHistory: this.disasterHistory,
+polityHistory: [...this.polityHistory.values()],
+deadPolityHistories: this.deadPolityHistories
+};
+}
+static fromJSON(state) {
+if (!state?.world?.size) throw new Error("Invalid save payload");
+const sim = new Simulation(state.world.size, 0, { blankWorld: true, skipSpawn: true });
+sim.rng.seed = state.rngSeed >>> 0;
+sim.year = state.year || 0;
+sim.deaths = state.deaths || 0;
+sim.nextEthnicity = state.nextEthnicity || 1;
+sim.nextCity = state.nextCity || 1;
+sim.nextPolity = state.nextPolity || 1;
+sim.nextWar = state.nextWar || 1;
+sim.nextDisaster = state.nextDisaster || 1;
+sim.maxAgents = state.maxAgents || 30000;
+sim.world.terrain.set(unpackArray(state.world.terrain, Uint8Array));
+sim.world.resource.set(unpackArray(state.world.resource, Float32Array));
+sim.world.regen.set(unpackArray(state.world.regen, Float32Array));
+sim.world.move.set(unpackArray(state.world.move, Float32Array));
+sim.world.fertility.set(unpackArray(state.world.fertility, Float32Array));
+sim.world.mineral.set(unpackArray(state.world.mineral, Float32Array));
+sim.world.temperature.set(unpackArray(state.world.temperature, Float32Array));
+sim.world.humidity.set(unpackArray(state.world.humidity, Float32Array));
+sim.world.pheromone.set(unpackArray(state.world.pheromone, Float32Array));
+sim.world.tradeRoute.set(unpackArray(state.world.tradeRoute, Uint8Array));
+sim.world.farmland.set(unpackArray(state.world.farmland, Float32Array));
+sim.world.cityPull.set(unpackArray(state.world.cityPull, Float32Array));
+sim.world.city.set(unpackArray(state.world.city, Int32Array));
+if (state.world.pressure) sim.world.pressure.set(unpackArray(state.world.pressure, Float32Array));
+if (state.world.dominantEthnicity) sim.world.dominantEthnicity.set(unpackArray(state.world.dominantEthnicity, Int32Array));
+if (state.world.cultureDiversity) sim.world.cultureDiversity.set(unpackArray(state.world.cultureDiversity, Float32Array));
+sim.agents = state.agents || [];
+for (const a of sim.agents) sim.ensureAgentTech(a);
+sim.ethnicities = new Map((state.ethnicities || []).map(e => [e.id, {
+id: e.id,
+parent: e.parent,
+born: e.born,
+population: 0,
+diversity: 0,
+climateTemp: e.climateTemp,
+climateHumidity: e.climateHumidity,
+color: e.color,
+centroidX: 0,
+centroidY: 0
+}]));
+sim.cities = (state.cities || []).map(c => ({
+id: c.id,
+x: c.x,
+y: c.y,
+population: c.population || 0,
+storedResources: c.storedResources || 0,
+ethnicityComposition: new Map(c.ethnicityComposition || []),
+pheromoneOutput: c.pheromoneOutput || 0,
+agriculturalRadius: c.agriculturalRadius || 2,
+tradeLinks: new Set(c.tradeLinks || []),
+activeVisitors: 0,
+age: c.age || 0,
+strength: c.strength || 1,
+sedentaryCulture: c.sedentaryCulture ?? 0.5,
+knowledge: {
+farming: clamp(c.knowledge?.farming ?? 0, 0, 1),
+metallurgy: clamp(c.knowledge?.metallurgy ?? 0, 0, 1)
+},
+supplyStress: c.supplyStress ?? 0,
+polityId: c.polityId ?? null,
+loyalty: c.loyalty ?? 0.5,
+receivedAid: c.receivedAid ?? false,
+tradeValue: c.tradeValue ?? 0,
+tradeReach: c.tradeReach ?? 0
+}));
+sim.polities = (state.polities || []).map(p => ({
+id: p.id,
+centerCityId: p.centerCityId,
+cityIds: new Set(p.cityIds || []),
+treasury: p.treasury || 0,
+color: p.color || hslToRgb((p.id * 0.38196601125) % 1, 0.58, 0.62),
+founded: p.founded || 0,
+legitimacy: p.legitimacy ?? 0.7,
+cohesion: p.cohesion ?? 0.6,
+charisma: clamp(p.charisma ?? 1, 0.5, 1.5),
+leaderStarted: p.leaderStarted ?? p.founded ?? sim.year,
+leaderTenureYears: clamp(p.leaderTenureYears ?? 48, 12, 96),
+crisis: p.crisis ?? 0,
+lastCrisisYear: p.lastCrisisYear ?? sim.year,
+lastFamineYear: p.lastFamineYear ?? null
+}));
+sim.rebuildIndexes();
+sim.wars = (state.wars || []).map(w => ({
+id: w.id,
+aPolityId: w.aPolityId,
+bPolityId: w.bPolityId,
+started: w.started || sim.year,
+lastActionYear: w.lastActionYear || w.started || sim.year,
+intensity: clamp(w.intensity ?? 0.75, 0.35, 1.25),
+exhaustionA: clamp(w.exhaustionA ?? 0, 0, 1),
+exhaustionB: clamp(w.exhaustionB ?? 0, 0, 1),
+ended: w.ended ?? null
+})).filter(w => w.ended === null);
+const maxWarId = sim.wars.reduce((max, war) => Math.max(max, war.id || 0), 0);
+sim.nextWar = Math.max(sim.nextWar, maxWarId + 1);
+const restoreDisaster = d => ({
+id: d.id,
+year: d.year || 0,
+x: d.x || 0,
+y: d.y || 0,
+radius: d.radius || 8,
+intensity: d.intensity || 0.5,
+expires: d.expires ?? ((d.year || 0) + years(18)),
+affectedAgents: d.affectedAgents || 0,
+affectedCities: d.affectedCities || 0,
+totalPopulationLoss: d.totalPopulationLoss || 0,
+affectedPolities: d.affectedPolities || []
+});
+sim.disasters = (state.disasters || []).map(restoreDisaster);
+sim.disasterHistory = (state.disasterHistory || []).map(restoreDisaster);
+const maxDisasterId = [...sim.disasters, ...sim.disasterHistory].reduce((max, disaster) => Math.max(max, disaster.id || 0), 0);
+sim.nextDisaster = Math.max(sim.nextDisaster, maxDisasterId + 1);
+sim.polityHistory = new Map((state.polityHistory || []).map(h => [h.id, {
+id: h.id,
+color: h.color || hslToRgb((h.id * 0.38196601125) % 1, 0.58, 0.62),
+founded: h.founded || 0,
+ended: h.ended ?? null,
+active: h.active !== false,
+centerCityId: h.centerCityId ?? null,
+fate: h.fate || null,
+samples: h.samples || [],
+events: h.events || [],
+peakPower: h.peakPower || 0,
+peakYear: h.peakYear ?? null,
+peakEventYear: h.peakEventYear ?? null
+}]));
+sim.deadPolityHistories = (state.deadPolityHistories || []).map(h => ({
+id: h.id,
+color: h.color || hslToRgb((h.id * 0.38196601125) % 1, 0.58, 0.62),
+founded: h.founded || 0,
+ended: h.ended ?? null,
+active: false,
+centerCityId: h.centerCityId ?? null,
+fate: h.fate || null,
+samples: h.samples || [],
+events: h.events || [],
+peakPower: h.peakPower || 0,
+peakYear: h.peakYear ?? null,
+peakEventYear: h.peakEventYear ?? null
+}));
+for (const polity of sim.polities) sim.ensurePolityHistory(polity);
+sim.tradeLinks = [];
+sim.activeTradeRouteTiles = new Set();
+sim.rebuildOccupancy();
+sim.updateTradeRoutes();
+sim.cleanupPolities();
+sim.updateEthnicStats();
+return sim;
+}
 }
-
 function render() {
-  const start = performance.now();
-  const w = sim.world;
-  const size = w.size;
-  if (!renderImage || renderImageSize !== size) {
-    renderImage = ctx.createImageData(size, size);
-    renderImageSize = size;
-  }
-  const image = renderImage;
-  const data = image.data;
-  const mode = els.viewMode.value;
-  const cityPolityColor = new Map();
-  if (mode === "polities") {
-    for (const city of sim.cities) {
-      if (city.polityId === null) continue;
-      const polity = sim.getPolityById(city.polityId);
-      if (!polity) continue;
-      const isGraphHover = graphState.hoverPolityId === polity.id;
-      cityPolityColor.set(city.id, {
-        color: polity.color,
-        isGraphHover
-      });
-    }
-  }
-
-  for (let i = 0; i < w.count; i++) {
-    let color;
-    if (mode === "resources") {
-      const v = clamp(w.resource[i] / 30, 0, 1);
-      color = mix([28, 36, 40], [107, 188, 85], v);
-    } else if (mode === "ethnicity") {
-      const id = w.dominantEthnicity[i];
-      const ethnicity = id >= 0 ? sim.ethnicities.get(id) : null;
-      color = ethnicity
-        ? mix(ethnicity.color, [178, 184, 177], clamp(w.cultureDiversity[i] * 0.85, 0, 0.65))
-        : mix(terrainInfo[w.terrain[i]].color, [18, 21, 23], 0.55);
-    } else if (mode === "pressure") {
-      const v = clamp(w.pressure[i] / 12, 0, 1);
-      color = mix(terrainInfo[w.terrain[i]].color, [210, 73, 67], v);
-    } else if (mode === "polities") {
-      color = terrainInfo[w.terrain[i]].color;
-      if (w.city[i] >= 0) {
-        const polityColor = cityPolityColor.get(w.city[i]);
-        if (polityColor) {
-          color = mix(color, polityColor.color, polityColor.isGraphHover ? 0.82 : 0.5);
-          if (graphState.hoverPolityId !== null && !polityColor.isGraphHover) color = mix(color, [16, 18, 19], 0.28);
-        }
-      }
-    } else if (mode === "technology") {
-      color = mix(terrainInfo[w.terrain[i]].color, [44, 42, 48], 0.35);
-    } else {
-      color = terrainInfo[w.terrain[i]].color;
-    }
-    const p = i * 4;
-    data[p] = color[0];
-    data[p + 1] = color[1];
-    data[p + 2] = color[2];
-    data[p + 3] = 255;
-  }
-
-  ctx.putImageData(image, 0, 0);
-  renderDisasters();
-  drawTradeLinks();
-  drawAgentsAndCities(mode);
-  drawGraphPolityHighlight();
-  maybeRenderStateGraph();
-  els.frameCost.textContent = `${Math.round(performance.now() - start)}ms`;
+const start = performance.now();
+const w = sim.world;
+const size = w.size;
+if (!renderImage || renderImageSize !== size) {
+renderImage = ctx.createImageData(size, size);
+renderImageSize = size;
+}
+const image = renderImage;
+const data = image.data;
+const mode = els.viewMode.value;
+const cityPolityColor = new Map();
+if (mode === "polities") {
+for (const city of sim.cities) {
+if (city.polityId === null) continue;
+const polity = sim.getPolityById(city.polityId);
+if (!polity) continue;
+const isGraphHover = graphState.hoverPolityId === polity.id;
+cityPolityColor.set(city.id, {
+color: polity.color,
+isGraphHover
+});
+}
+}
+for (let i = 0; i < w.count; i++) {
+let color;
+if (mode === "resources") {
+const v = clamp(w.resource[i] / 30, 0, 1);
+color = mix([28, 36, 40], [107, 188, 85], v);
+} else if (mode === "ethnicity") {
+color = terrainInfo[w.terrain[i]].color;
+} else if (mode === "pressure") {
+const v = clamp(w.pressure[i] / 12, 0, 1);
+color = mix(terrainInfo[w.terrain[i]].color, [210, 73, 67], v);
+} else if (mode === "polities") {
+color = terrainInfo[w.terrain[i]].color;
+if (w.city[i] >= 0) {
+const polityColor = cityPolityColor.get(w.city[i]);
+if (polityColor) {
+color = mix(color, polityColor.color, polityColor.isGraphHover ? 0.82 : 0.5);
+if (graphState.hoverPolityId !== null && !polityColor.isGraphHover) color = mix(color, [16, 18, 19], 0.28);
+}
+}
+} else if (mode === "technology") {
+color = mix(terrainInfo[w.terrain[i]].color, [44, 42, 48], 0.35);
+} else {
+color = terrainInfo[w.terrain[i]].color;
+}
+const p = i * 4;
+data[p] = color[0];
+data[p + 1] = color[1];
+data[p + 2] = color[2];
+data[p + 3] = 255;
+}
+ctx.putImageData(image, 0, 0);
+renderDisasters();
+drawTradeLinks();
+drawAgentsAndCities(mode);
+drawGraphPolityHighlight();
+maybeRenderStateGraph();
+els.frameCost.textContent = `${Math.round(performance.now() - start)}ms`;
 }
-
 function renderDisasters() {
-  if (!sim?.disasters?.length) return;
-  sim.disasters = sim.disasters.filter(disaster => sim.year <= disaster.expires);
-  if (!sim.disasters.length) return;
-  ctx.save();
-  ctx.globalCompositeOperation = "source-over";
-  for (const disaster of sim.disasters) {
-    const duration = Math.max(1, disaster.expires - disaster.year);
-    const ageFraction = clamp((sim.year - disaster.year) / duration, 0, 1);
-    const alpha = (1 - ageFraction) * (0.10 + (disaster.intensity || 0.5) * 0.22);
-    if (alpha <= 0.005) continue;
-    const innerRadius = Math.max(1, disaster.radius * 0.32);
-    const gradient = ctx.createRadialGradient(disaster.x, disaster.y, innerRadius, disaster.x, disaster.y, disaster.radius);
-    gradient.addColorStop(0, `rgba(211, 95, 84, ${alpha * 1.35})`);
-    gradient.addColorStop(0.55, `rgba(211, 95, 84, ${alpha * 0.65})`);
-    gradient.addColorStop(1, "rgba(211, 95, 84, 0)");
-    ctx.fillStyle = gradient;
-    ctx.beginPath();
-    ctx.arc(disaster.x, disaster.y, disaster.radius, 0, Math.PI * 2);
-    ctx.fill();
-    ctx.strokeStyle = `rgba(236, 126, 111, ${alpha * 0.85})`;
-    ctx.lineWidth = 1;
-    ctx.beginPath();
-    ctx.arc(disaster.x, disaster.y, disaster.radius, 0, Math.PI * 2);
-    ctx.stroke();
-  }
-  ctx.restore();
+if (!sim?.disasters?.length) return;
+sim.disasters = sim.disasters.filter(disaster => sim.year <= disaster.expires);
+if (!sim.disasters.length) return;
+ctx.save();
+ctx.globalCompositeOperation = "source-over";
+for (const disaster of sim.disasters) {
+const duration = Math.max(1, disaster.expires - disaster.year);
+const ageFraction = clamp((sim.year - disaster.year) / duration, 0, 1);
+const alpha = (1 - ageFraction) * (0.10 + (disaster.intensity || 0.5) * 0.22);
+if (alpha <= 0.005) continue;
+const innerRadius = Math.max(1, disaster.radius * 0.32);
+const gradient = ctx.createRadialGradient(disaster.x, disaster.y, innerRadius, disaster.x, disaster.y, disaster.radius);
+gradient.addColorStop(0, `rgba(211, 95, 84, ${alpha * 1.35})`);
+gradient.addColorStop(0.55, `rgba(211, 95, 84, ${alpha * 0.65})`);
+gradient.addColorStop(1, "rgba(211, 95, 84, 0)");
+ctx.fillStyle = gradient;
+ctx.beginPath();
+ctx.arc(disaster.x, disaster.y, disaster.radius, 0, Math.PI * 2);
+ctx.fill();
+ctx.strokeStyle = `rgba(236, 126, 111, ${alpha * 0.85})`;
+ctx.lineWidth = 1;
+ctx.beginPath();
+ctx.arc(disaster.x, disaster.y, disaster.radius, 0, Math.PI * 2);
+ctx.stroke();
+}
+ctx.restore();
 }
-
 function drawTradeLinks() {
-  const w = sim.world;
-  ctx.save();
-  ctx.globalAlpha = 0.24;
-  ctx.fillStyle = "#d9b650";
-  for (const i of sim.activeTradeRouteTiles || []) {
-    ctx.fillRect(i % w.size, Math.floor(i / w.size), 1, 1);
-  }
-  if (!sim.tradeLinks.length) {
-    ctx.restore();
-    return;
-  }
-  for (const link of sim.tradeLinks) {
-    ctx.globalAlpha = clamp(0.12 + link.strength * 0.35, 0.16, 0.42);
-    ctx.fillStyle = "#ffd75a";
-    for (const tile of link.path || []) {
-      ctx.fillRect(tile % w.size, Math.floor(tile / w.size), 1, 1);
-    }
-  }
-  ctx.restore();
+const w = sim.world;
+ctx.save();
+ctx.globalAlpha = 0.24;
+ctx.fillStyle = "#d9b650";
+for (const i of sim.activeTradeRouteTiles || []) {
+ctx.fillRect(i % w.size, Math.floor(i / w.size), 1, 1);
+}
+if (!sim.tradeLinks.length) {
+ctx.restore();
+return;
+}
+for (const link of sim.tradeLinks) {
+ctx.globalAlpha = clamp(0.12 + link.strength * 0.35, 0.16, 0.42);
+ctx.fillStyle = "#ffd75a";
+for (const tile of link.path || []) {
+ctx.fillRect(tile % w.size, Math.floor(tile / w.size), 1, 1);
+}
+}
+ctx.restore();
 }
-
 function drawAgentsAndCities(mode) {
-  ctx.save();
-  for (const city of sim.cities) {
-    const radius = cityRenderRadius(city);
-    const color = cityDisplayColor(city, mode);
-    ctx.fillStyle = `rgba(${color[0]}, ${color[1]}, ${color[2]}, 0.72)`;
-    ctx.globalAlpha = 0.88;
-    ctx.fillRect(city.x - radius, city.y - radius, radius * 2 + 1, radius * 2 + 1);
-  }
-  ctx.globalAlpha = 1;
-
-  if (mode === "technology") {
-    for (const a of sim.agents) {
-      sim.ensureAgentTech(a);
-      const farming = a.tech.farming || 0;
-      const metallurgy = a.tech.metallurgy || 0;
-      const tech = clamp(Math.max(farming, metallurgy), 0, 1);
-      if (tech <= 0.01) continue;
-      const color = mix([95, 171, 91], [202, 169, 102], metallurgy / Math.max(0.001, farming + metallurgy));
-      ctx.fillStyle = `rgba(${color[0]},${color[1]},${color[2]},${clamp(0.32 + tech * 0.68, 0.32, 1)})`;
-      ctx.fillRect(a.x, a.y, 1, 1);
-    }
-  } else if (mode === "ethnicity") {
-    for (const [tile, counts] of sim.tileEthnicities) {
-      let bestId = null;
-      let bestCount = 0;
-      for (const [id, count] of counts) {
-        if (count > bestCount) {
-          bestId = id;
-          bestCount = count;
-        }
-      }
-      const e = bestId !== null ? sim.ethnicities.get(bestId) : null;
-      if (!e) continue;
-      ctx.fillStyle = `rgb(${e.color[0]},${e.color[1]},${e.color[2]})`;
-      ctx.fillRect(tile % sim.world.size, Math.floor(tile / sim.world.size), 1, 1);
-    }
-  } else {
-    ctx.fillStyle = "#eeeccf";
-    for (const tile of sim.tileAgents.keys()) {
-      ctx.fillRect(tile % sim.world.size, Math.floor(tile / sim.world.size), 1, 1);
-    }
-  }
-
-  for (const city of sim.cities) {
-    const color = cityDisplayColor(city, mode);
-    ctx.fillStyle = `rgb(${Math.min(255, color[0] + 55)}, ${Math.min(255, color[1] + 55)}, ${Math.min(255, color[2] + 55)})`;
-    ctx.fillRect(city.x, city.y, 1, 1);
-  }
-  ctx.restore();
+ctx.save();
+for (const city of sim.cities) {
+const radius = cityRenderRadius(city);
+const color = cityDisplayColor(city, mode);
+ctx.fillStyle = `rgba(${color[0]}, ${color[1]}, ${color[2]}, 0.72)`;
+ctx.globalAlpha = 0.88;
+ctx.fillRect(city.x - radius, city.y - radius, radius * 2 + 1, radius * 2 + 1);
+}
+ctx.globalAlpha = 1;
+if (mode === "technology") {
+for (const a of sim.agents) {
+sim.ensureAgentTech(a);
+const farming = a.tech.farming || 0;
+const metallurgy = a.tech.metallurgy || 0;
+const tech = clamp(Math.max(farming, metallurgy), 0, 1);
+if (tech <= 0.01) continue;
+const color = mix([95, 171, 91], [202, 169, 102], metallurgy / Math.max(0.001, farming + metallurgy));
+ctx.fillStyle = `rgba(${color[0]},${color[1]},${color[2]},${clamp(0.32 + tech * 0.68, 0.32, 1)})`;
+ctx.fillRect(a.x, a.y, 1, 1);
+}
+} else if (mode === "ethnicity") {
+for (const a of sim.agents) {
+const e = sim.ethnicities.get(a.ethnicity);
+if (!e) continue;
+ctx.fillStyle = `rgb(${e.color[0]},${e.color[1]},${e.color[2]})`;
+ctx.fillRect(a.x, a.y, 1, 1);
+}
+} else {
+ctx.fillStyle = "#eeeccf";
+for (const tile of sim.tileAgents.keys()) {
+ctx.fillRect(tile % sim.world.size, Math.floor(tile / sim.world.size), 1, 1);
+}
+}
+for (const city of sim.cities) {
+const color = cityDisplayColor(city, mode);
+ctx.fillStyle = `rgb(${Math.min(255, color[0] + 55)}, ${Math.min(255, color[1] + 55)}, ${Math.min(255, color[2] + 55)})`;
+ctx.fillRect(city.x, city.y, 1, 1);
+}
+ctx.restore();
 }
-
 function drawGraphPolityHighlight() {
-  const polityId = graphState.hoverPolityId;
-  if (polityId === null) return;
-  const polity = sim.getPolityById(polityId);
-  if (!polity) return;
-  const cities = sim.getPolityCities(polity);
-  if (!cities.length) return;
-
-  ctx.save();
-  ctx.lineWidth = 1;
-  for (const city of cities) {
-    const radius = Math.max(3, cityRenderRadius(city) + 2);
-    const color = polity.color || [238, 232, 188];
-    ctx.globalAlpha = city.id === polity.centerCityId ? 0.95 : 0.72;
-    ctx.strokeStyle = `rgb(${Math.min(255, color[0] + 72)}, ${Math.min(255, color[1] + 72)}, ${Math.min(255, color[2] + 72)})`;
-    ctx.strokeRect(city.x - radius, city.y - radius, radius * 2 + 1, radius * 2 + 1);
-    ctx.globalAlpha = 0.32;
-    ctx.fillStyle = `rgb(${color[0]}, ${color[1]}, ${color[2]})`;
-    ctx.fillRect(city.x - radius + 1, city.y - radius + 1, Math.max(1, radius * 2 - 1), Math.max(1, radius * 2 - 1));
-  }
-  ctx.restore();
+const polityId = graphState.hoverPolityId;
+if (polityId === null) return;
+const polity = sim.getPolityById(polityId);
+if (!polity) return;
+const cities = sim.getPolityCities(polity);
+if (!cities.length) return;
+ctx.save();
+ctx.lineWidth = 1;
+for (const city of cities) {
+const radius = Math.max(3, cityRenderRadius(city) + 2);
+const color = polity.color || [238, 232, 188];
+ctx.globalAlpha = city.id === polity.centerCityId ? 0.95 : 0.72;
+ctx.strokeStyle = `rgb(${Math.min(255, color[0] + 72)}, ${Math.min(255, color[1] + 72)}, ${Math.min(255, color[2] + 72)})`;
+ctx.strokeRect(city.x - radius, city.y - radius, radius * 2 + 1, radius * 2 + 1);
+ctx.globalAlpha = 0.32;
+ctx.fillStyle = `rgb(${color[0]}, ${color[1]}, ${color[2]})`;
+ctx.fillRect(city.x - radius + 1, city.y - radius + 1, Math.max(1, radius * 2 - 1), Math.max(1, radius * 2 - 1));
+}
+ctx.restore();
 }
-
 function cityRenderRadius(city) {
-  return clamp(Math.floor(Math.sqrt(city.population) / 12), 1, 7);
+return clamp(Math.floor(Math.sqrt(city.population) / 12), 1, 7);
 }
-
 function cityMajorityColor(city) {
-  const id = dominantComposition(city.ethnicityComposition);
-  return sim.ethnicities.get(id)?.color || [242, 215, 134];
+const id = dominantComposition(city.ethnicityComposition);
+return sim.ethnicities.get(id)?.color || [242, 215, 134];
 }
-
 function cityDisplayColor(city, mode) {
-  if (mode === "polities") {
-    if (city.polityId !== null) {
-      const polity = sim.getPolityById(city.polityId);
-      if (polity) return polity.color;
-    }
-    return [218, 205, 154];
-  }
-  return cityMajorityColor(city);
+if (mode === "polities") {
+if (city.polityId !== null) {
+const polity = sim.getPolityById(city.polityId);
+if (polity) return polity.color;
+}
+return [218, 205, 154];
+}
+return cityMajorityColor(city);
 }
-
 function showTooltip(event) {
-  const rect = els.canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
-  const simRect = els.sim.getBoundingClientRect();
-  const x = Math.floor((event.clientX - rect.left) / rect.width * sim.world.size);
-  const y = Math.floor((event.clientY - rect.top) / rect.height * sim.world.size);
-  hoverState = {
-    x,
-    y,
-    left: event.clientX - simRect.left + 16,
-    top: event.clientY - simRect.top + 16,
-    width: simRect.width,
-    height: simRect.height
-  };
-  renderTooltip();
+const rect = els.canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
+const simRect = els.sim.getBoundingClientRect();
+const x = Math.floor((event.clientX - rect.left) / rect.width * sim.world.size);
+const y = Math.floor((event.clientY - rect.top) / rect.height * sim.world.size);
+hoverState = {
+x,
+y,
+left: event.clientX - simRect.left + 16,
+top: event.clientY - simRect.top + 16,
+width: simRect.width,
+height: simRect.height
+};
+renderTooltip();
 }
-
 function renderTooltip() {
-  if (!hoverState) return;
-  const x = hoverState.x;
-  const y = hoverState.y;
-  if (x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= sim.world.size || y >= sim.world.size) {
-    hideTooltip();
-    return;
-  }
-
-  const w = sim.world;
-  const i = w.idx(x, y);
-  const agent = findAgentAt(x, y);
-  const city = w.city[i] >= 0 ? sim.getCityById(w.city[i]) : null;
-  const terrain = terrainInfo[w.terrain[i]];
-  const ethnicity = agent ? sim.ethnicities.get(agent.ethnicity) : null;
-  const waterInfluence = waterInfluenceAt(w, x, y).toFixed(2);
-  const cityEthnicity = city ? dominantComposition(city.ethnicityComposition) : null;
-  const mismatch = agent ? sim.climateMismatch(agent.ethnicity, i) : 0;
-  const polity = city && city.polityId !== null ? sim.getPolityById(city.polityId) : null;
-  const regionalEthnicity = w.dominantEthnicity[i] >= 0 ? `E${w.dominantEthnicity[i]}` : "-";
-  const rows = items => items.filter(Boolean).join("");
-  const row = (label, value) => `<span><b>${label}</b><em>${value}</em></span>`;
-  const section = (title, items) => {
-    const body = rows(items);
-    return body ? `<section><h3>${title}</h3>${body}</section>` : "";
-  };
-
-  els.tooltip.innerHTML = `
+if (!hoverState) return;
+const x = hoverState.x;
+const y = hoverState.y;
+if (x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= sim.world.size || y >= sim.world.size) {
+hideTooltip();
+return;
+}
+const w = sim.world;
+const i = w.idx(x, y);
+const agent = findAgentAt(x, y);
+const city = w.city[i] >= 0 ? sim.getCityById(w.city[i]) : null;
+const terrain = terrainInfo[w.terrain[i]];
+const ethnicity = agent ? sim.ethnicities.get(agent.ethnicity) : null;
+const waterInfluence = waterInfluenceAt(w, x, y).toFixed(2);
+const cityEthnicity = city ? dominantComposition(city.ethnicityComposition) : null;
+const mismatch = agent ? sim.climateMismatch(agent.ethnicity, i) : 0;
+const polity = city && city.polityId !== null ? sim.getPolityById(city.polityId) : null;
+const regionalEthnicity = w.dominantEthnicity[i] >= 0 ? `E${w.dominantEthnicity[i]}` : "-";
+const rows = items => items.filter(Boolean).join("");
+const row = (label, value) => `<span><b>${label}</b><em>${value}</em></span>`;
+const section = (title, items) => {
+const body = rows(items);
+return body ? `<section><h3>${title}</h3>${body}</section>` : "";
+};
+els.tooltip.innerHTML = `
     <strong>${city ? `City #${city.id}` : agent ? "Agent group" : terrain.name}</strong>
     ${section("Tile", [
       row("Position", `${x}, ${y}`),
@@ -3825,829 +3555,799 @@ function renderTooltip() {
       agent ? row("Stored", agent.resources.toFixed(1)) : ""
     ])}
   `;
-  els.tooltip.hidden = false;
-  const margin = 8;
-  const width = els.tooltip.offsetWidth;
-  const height = els.tooltip.offsetHeight;
-  let left = hoverState.left;
-  let top = hoverState.top;
-  if (left + width + margin > hoverState.width) left = hoverState.left - width - 32;
-  if (top + height + margin > hoverState.height) top = hoverState.height - height - margin;
-  els.tooltip.style.left = `${clamp(left, margin, Math.max(margin, hoverState.width - width - margin))}px`;
-  els.tooltip.style.top = `${clamp(top, margin, Math.max(margin, hoverState.height - height - margin))}px`;
+els.tooltip.hidden = false;
+const margin = 8;
+const width = els.tooltip.offsetWidth;
+const height = els.tooltip.offsetHeight;
+let left = hoverState.left;
+let top = hoverState.top;
+if (left + width + margin > hoverState.width) left = hoverState.left - width - 32;
+if (top + height + margin > hoverState.height) top = hoverState.height - height - margin;
+els.tooltip.style.left = `${clamp(left, margin, Math.max(margin, hoverState.width - width - margin))}px`;
+els.tooltip.style.top = `${clamp(top, margin, Math.max(margin, hoverState.height - height - margin))}px`;
 }
-
 function hideTooltip() {
-  hoverState = null;
-  els.tooltip.hidden = true;
+hoverState = null;
+els.tooltip.hidden = true;
 }
-
 function findAgentAt(x, y) {
-  const directIndex = sim.world.idx(x, y);
-  return sim.tileAgents.get(directIndex)?.[0] || null;
+const directIndex = sim.world.idx(x, y);
+return sim.tileAgents.get(directIndex)?.[0] || null;
 }
-
 function waterInfluenceAt(world, x, y) {
-  let score = 0;
-  for (let dy = -3; dy <= 3; dy++) {
-    for (let dx = -3; dx <= 3; dx++) {
-      const d = Math.abs(dx) + Math.abs(dy);
-      if (!d || d > 3) continue;
-      const tx = x + dx;
-      const ty = y + dy;
-      if (tx < 0 || ty < 0 || tx >= world.size || ty >= world.size) continue;
-      if (world.terrain[world.idx(tx, ty)] === Terrain.WATER) score += (4 - d) / 4;
-    }
-  }
-  return score;
+let score = 0;
+for (let dy = -3; dy <= 3; dy++) {
+for (let dx = -3; dx <= 3; dx++) {
+const d = Math.abs(dx) + Math.abs(dy);
+if (!d || d > 3) continue;
+const tx = x + dx;
+const ty = y + dy;
+if (tx < 0 || ty < 0 || tx >= world.size || ty >= world.size) continue;
+if (world.terrain[world.idx(tx, ty)] === Terrain.WATER) score += (4 - d) / 4;
+}
+}
+return score;
 }
-
 function updateStats(force = false) {
-  const now = performance.now();
-  if (!force && now - lastStatsAt < SimConfig.render.statsThrottleMs) return;
-  lastStatsAt = now;
-  const livingEthnicities = [...sim.ethnicities.values()].filter(e => e.population > 0);
-  const urbanPopulation = sim.cities.reduce((sum, c) => sum + c.population, 0);
-  let farmingTotal = 0;
-  let metallurgyTotal = 0;
-  let farmingHolders = 0;
-  let metallurgyHolders = 0;
-  for (const a of sim.agents) {
-    sim.ensureAgentTech(a);
-    farmingTotal += a.tech.farming || 0;
-    metallurgyTotal += a.tech.metallurgy || 0;
-    if ((a.tech.farming || 0) > 0.02) farmingHolders++;
-    if ((a.tech.metallurgy || 0) > 0.02) metallurgyHolders++;
-  }
-  const agentCount = Math.max(1, sim.agents.length);
-  els.year.textContent = formatSimDate(sim.year);
-  els.activeGroups.textContent = sim.agents.length.toLocaleString();
-  els.urbanPopulation.textContent = Math.floor(urbanPopulation).toLocaleString();
-  els.ethnicities.textContent = livingEthnicities.length.toLocaleString();
-  els.cities.textContent = sim.cities.length.toLocaleString();
-  els.polities.textContent = sim.polities.length.toLocaleString();
-  if (els.wars) els.wars.textContent = sim.wars.length.toLocaleString();
-  els.routes.textContent = sim.tradeLinks.length.toLocaleString();
-  els.farmingKnowledge.textContent = `${(farmingTotal / agentCount).toFixed(4)} (${farmingHolders})`;
-  els.metallurgyKnowledge.textContent = `${(metallurgyTotal / agentCount).toFixed(4)} (${metallurgyHolders})`;
-  els.deaths.textContent = sim.deaths.toLocaleString();
-
-  const top = livingEthnicities.sort((a, b) => b.population - a.population).slice(0, 9);
-  els.ethnicityList.innerHTML = top.map(e => (
-    `<li><span class="lineage-chip" style="background: rgb(${e.color.join(",")})"></span>` +
-    `E${e.id} pop ${e.population.toLocaleString()} div ${e.diversity.toFixed(2)} parent ${e.parent || "-"}</li>`
-  )).join("");
-  maybeRenderStateGraph();
+const now = performance.now();
+if (!force && now - lastStatsAt < SimConfig.render.statsThrottleMs) return;
+lastStatsAt = now;
+const livingEthnicities = [...sim.ethnicities.values()].filter(e => e.population > 0);
+const urbanPopulation = sim.cities.reduce((sum, c) => sum + c.population, 0);
+let farmingTotal = 0;
+let metallurgyTotal = 0;
+let farmingHolders = 0;
+let metallurgyHolders = 0;
+for (const a of sim.agents) {
+sim.ensureAgentTech(a);
+farmingTotal += a.tech.farming || 0;
+metallurgyTotal += a.tech.metallurgy || 0;
+if ((a.tech.farming || 0) > 0.02) farmingHolders++;
+if ((a.tech.metallurgy || 0) > 0.02) metallurgyHolders++;
+}
+const agentCount = Math.max(1, sim.agents.length);
+els.year.textContent = formatSimDate(sim.year);
+els.activeGroups.textContent = sim.agents.length.toLocaleString();
+els.urbanPopulation.textContent = Math.floor(urbanPopulation).toLocaleString();
+els.ethnicities.textContent = livingEthnicities.length.toLocaleString();
+els.cities.textContent = sim.cities.length.toLocaleString();
+els.polities.textContent = sim.polities.length.toLocaleString();
+if (els.wars) els.wars.textContent = sim.wars.length.toLocaleString();
+els.routes.textContent = sim.tradeLinks.length.toLocaleString();
+els.farmingKnowledge.textContent = `${(farmingTotal / agentCount).toFixed(4)} (${farmingHolders})`;
+els.metallurgyKnowledge.textContent = `${(metallurgyTotal / agentCount).toFixed(4)} (${metallurgyHolders})`;
+els.deaths.textContent = sim.deaths.toLocaleString();
+const top = livingEthnicities.sort((a, b) => b.population - a.population).slice(0, 9);
+els.ethnicityList.innerHTML = top.map(e => (
+`<li><span class="lineage-chip" style="background: rgb(${e.color.join(",")})"></span>` +
+`E${e.id} pop ${e.population.toLocaleString()} div ${e.diversity.toFixed(2)} parent ${e.parent || "-"}</li>`
+)).join("");
+maybeRenderStateGraph();
 }
-
 function setLegend() {
-  const mode = els.viewMode.value;
-  if (mode === "terrain") {
-    els.legend.innerHTML = terrainInfo.map(t => `<span><i style="background: rgb(${t.color.join(",")})"></i>${t.name}</span>`).join("");
-  } else if (mode === "ethnicity") {
-    els.legend.innerHTML = "<span>Color = dominant regional lineage. Mixed tiles brighten toward gray.</span>";
-  } else if (mode === "pressure") {
-    els.legend.innerHTML = "<span><i style=\"background:#d24943\"></i>High local population pressure</span>";
-  } else if (mode === "polities") {
-    els.legend.innerHTML = "<span>Color = city-centered state. Uncolored cities are independent.</span>";
-  } else if (mode === "technology") {
-    els.legend.innerHTML = "<span><i style=\"background:#5fab5b\"></i>Farming knowledge</span><span><i style=\"background:#caa966\"></i>Metallurgy knowledge</span>";
-  } else {
-    els.legend.innerHTML = "<span><i style=\"background:#6bbc55\"></i>Regenerating local resource stock</span>";
-  }
+const mode = els.viewMode.value;
+if (mode === "terrain") {
+els.legend.innerHTML = terrainInfo.map(t => `<span><i style="background: rgb(${t.color.join(",")})"></i>${t.name}</span>`).join("");
+} else if (mode === "ethnicity") {
+els.legend.innerHTML = "<span>Agent and city colors show lineage. Land remains terrain-colored.</span>";
+} else if (mode === "pressure") {
+els.legend.innerHTML = "<span><i style=\"background:#d24943\"></i>High local population pressure</span>";
+} else if (mode === "polities") {
+els.legend.innerHTML = "<span>Color = city-centered state. Uncolored cities are independent.</span>";
+} else if (mode === "technology") {
+els.legend.innerHTML = "<span><i style=\"background:#5fab5b\"></i>Farming knowledge</span><span><i style=\"background:#caa966\"></i>Metallurgy knowledge</span>";
+} else {
+els.legend.innerHTML = "<span><i style=\"background:#6bbc55\"></i>Regenerating local resource stock</span>";
+}
 }
-
 function maybeRenderStateGraph() {
-  const now = performance.now();
-  if (now - lastGraphRenderAt < SimConfig.render.graphThrottleMs) return;
-  lastGraphRenderAt = now;
-  renderStateGraph();
+const now = performance.now();
+if (now - lastGraphRenderAt < SimConfig.render.graphThrottleMs) return;
+lastGraphRenderAt = now;
+renderStateGraph();
 }
-
 function sampleGraphPower(sample) {
-  if (Number.isFinite(sample?.power)) return sample.power;
-  return Math.sqrt(sample?.population || 0) * 1.35 +
-    Math.sqrt(Math.max(0, sample?.treasury || 0)) * 1.15 +
-    (sample?.avgLoyalty ?? 0.5) * 16;
+if (Number.isFinite(sample?.power)) return sample.power;
+return Math.sqrt(sample?.population || 0) * 1.35 +
+Math.sqrt(Math.max(0, sample?.treasury || 0)) * 1.15 +
+(sample?.avgLoyalty ?? 0.5) * 16;
 }
-
 function graphSampleValue(sample, metric) {
-  if (metric === "population") return sample?.population || 0;
-  if (metric === "cities") return sample?.cities || 0;
-  if (metric === "loyalty") return sample?.avgLoyalty ?? 0.5;
-  return sampleGraphPower(sample);
+if (metric === "population") return sample?.population || 0;
+if (metric === "cities") return sample?.cities || 0;
+if (metric === "loyalty") return sample?.avgLoyalty ?? 0.5;
+return sampleGraphPower(sample);
 }
-
 function formatGraphValue(value, metric) {
-  if (metric === "loyalty") return `${Math.round(clamp(value, 0, 1) * 100)}%`;
-  if (metric === "cities") return Math.round(value).toLocaleString();
-  if (metric === "population") return Math.round(value).toLocaleString();
-  return value.toFixed(1);
+if (metric === "loyalty") return `${Math.round(clamp(value, 0, 1) * 100)}%`;
+if (metric === "cities") return Math.round(value).toLocaleString();
+if (metric === "population") return Math.round(value).toLocaleString();
+return value.toFixed(1);
 }
-
 function renderStateGraph() {
-  const canvas = els.stateGraph;
-  if (!canvas || !sim) return;
-  const rect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
-  if (!rect.width) return;
-
-  const historyWindowSpan = years(SimConfig.render.historyWindowYears);
-  const historyWindowEnd = sim.year;
-  const historyWindowStart = Math.max(0, historyWindowEnd - historyWindowSpan);
-  graphState.filter = els.historyFilter?.value || graphState.filter;
-  graphState.sort = els.historySort?.value || graphState.sort;
-  graphState.metric = els.historyMetric?.value || graphState.metric;
-  const histories = sim.getAllPolityHistories()
-    .filter(history => (history.ended ?? sim.year) >= historyWindowStart)
-    .map(history => ({
-      ...history,
-      visibleFounded: Math.max(history.founded ?? 0, historyWindowStart),
-      visibleSamples: (history.samples || []).filter(sample => sample.year >= historyWindowStart)
-    }))
-    .filter(history => history.visibleSamples.length > 0 || (history.ended ?? sim.year) >= historyWindowStart)
-    .filter(history => {
-      const isActive = history.active && history.ended === null;
-      if (graphState.filter === "active" && !isActive) return false;
-      if (graphState.filter === "ended" && isActive) return false;
-      if (isActive && !graphState.showActive) return false;
-      if (!isActive && !graphState.showPast) return false;
-      return true;
-    });
-  const paddingLeft = 34;
-  const paddingRight = 8;
-  const paddingTop = 18;
-  const paddingBottom = 22;
-  const rowHeight = 24;
-  const groupHeight = 18;
-  const scored = histories.map(history => {
-    const samples = history.visibleSamples.length ? history.visibleSamples : [{ population: 0, cities: 0, avgLoyalty: 0.5 }];
-    const peakPower = Math.max(...samples.map(sample => sampleGraphPower(sample)));
-    const peakPopulation = Math.max(...samples.map(sample => sample.population || 0));
-    const peakCities = Math.max(...samples.map(sample => sample.cities || 0));
-    const peakLoyalty = Math.max(...samples.map(sample => sample.avgLoyalty ?? 0.5));
-    const peakMetric = Math.max(...samples.map(sample => graphSampleValue(sample, graphState.metric)));
-    const lifespan = (history.ended ?? sim.year) - history.visibleFounded;
-    const importance = peakPower * 1.6 +
-      peakCities * 130 +
-      Math.sqrt(Math.max(0, peakPopulation)) * 6 +
-      lifespan * 0.35;
-    return { history, peakPopulation, peakCities, peakLoyalty, peakPower, peakMetric, importance };
-  });
-  const compareRows = (a, b) => {
-    if (graphState.sort === "oldest") {
-      return ((a.history.founded ?? 0) - (b.history.founded ?? 0)) || (a.history.id - b.history.id);
-    }
-    if (graphState.sort === "strongest") {
-      return (b.peakPower - a.peakPower) || ((a.history.founded ?? 0) - (b.history.founded ?? 0));
-    }
-    if (graphState.sort === "largest") {
-      return (b.peakPopulation - a.peakPopulation) || (b.peakCities - a.peakCities);
-    }
-    const activeDelta = (b.history.active ? 1 : 0) - (a.history.active ? 1 : 0);
-    if (graphState.sort === "active") {
-      return activeDelta || (b.importance - a.importance) || (a.history.id - b.history.id);
-    }
-    return activeDelta || (b.importance - a.importance) || ((a.history.founded ?? 0) - (b.history.founded ?? 0)) || (a.history.id - b.history.id);
-  };
-  const selected = scored.sort(compareRows).slice(0, 90).sort(compareRows);
-  const activeRows = selected.filter(item => item.history.active && item.history.ended === null);
-  const pastRows = selected.filter(item => !(item.history.active && item.history.ended === null));
-  const displayRows = [];
-  if (graphState.showActive && graphState.filter !== "ended" && activeRows.length) {
-    displayRows.push({ type: "group", label: `Living ${activeRows.length}` });
-    for (const item of activeRows) displayRows.push({ type: "state", item });
-  }
-  if (graphState.showPast && graphState.filter !== "active" && pastRows.length) {
-    displayRows.push({ type: "group", label: `Past ${pastRows.length}` });
-    for (const item of pastRows) displayRows.push({ type: "state", item });
-  }
-  const logicalHeight = paddingTop +
-    displayRows.reduce((sum, row) => sum + (row.type === "group" ? groupHeight : rowHeight), 0) +
-    paddingBottom;
-  canvas.style.height = `${logicalHeight}px`;
-  const updatedRect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
-  const dpr = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
-  const width = Math.max(1, Math.floor(updatedRect.width * dpr));
-  const height = Math.max(1, Math.floor(logicalHeight * dpr));
-  if (canvas.width !== width || canvas.height !== height) {
-    canvas.width = width;
-    canvas.height = height;
-  }
-
-  const g = canvas.getContext("2d");
-  g.setTransform(dpr, 0, 0, dpr, 0, 0);
-  const w = updatedRect.width;
-  const h = logicalHeight;
-  g.clearRect(0, 0, w, h);
-  g.fillStyle = "#101315";
-  g.fillRect(0, 0, w, h);
-
-  if (!histories.length || !selected.length || !displayRows.length) {
-    if (els.historyRange) els.historyRange.textContent = "-";
-    graphState.rows = [];
-    graphState.markers = [];
-    graphState.scale = null;
-    g.fillStyle = "#7f8984";
-    g.font = "12px ui-sans-serif, system-ui, sans-serif";
-    g.fillText("No state history yet", 16, 28);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  let minYear = historyWindowStart;
-  let maxYear = historyWindowEnd;
-  for (const item of selected) {
-    const history = item.history;
-    minYear = Math.min(minYear, history.visibleFounded);
-    maxYear = Math.max(maxYear, history.ended ?? sim.year);
-  }
-  if (els.historyRange) els.historyRange.textContent = `${formatGraphYear(minYear)}-${formatGraphYear(maxYear)}`;
-
-  const plotWidth = Math.max(1, w - paddingLeft - paddingRight);
-  const yearToX = year => paddingLeft + ((clamp(year, minYear, maxYear) - minYear) / Math.max(1, maxYear - minYear)) * plotWidth;
-  const xToYear = x => minYear + ((clamp(x, paddingLeft, w - paddingRight) - paddingLeft) / plotWidth) * Math.max(1, maxYear - minYear);
-  const rows = [];
-  let cursorY = paddingTop;
-  for (const displayRow of displayRows) {
-    if (displayRow.type === "group") {
-      rows.push({ ...displayRow, y: cursorY + groupHeight * 0.5, height: groupHeight });
-      cursorY += groupHeight;
-      continue;
-    }
-    const item = displayRow.item;
-    rows.push({
-      ...item,
-      type: "state",
-      y: cursorY + rowHeight * 0.5,
-      height: rowHeight,
-      color: item.history.color || hslToRgb((item.history.id * 0.38196601125) % 1, 0.58, 0.62),
-      samples: (item.history.visibleSamples || [])
-        .filter(sample => Number.isFinite(sample.year))
-        .sort((a, b) => a.year - b.year)
-    });
-    cursorY += rowHeight;
-  }
-  let minMetric = Infinity;
-  let maxMetric = -Infinity;
-  let minCities = Infinity;
-  let maxCities = -Infinity;
-  for (const row of rows.filter(row => row.type === "state")) {
-    for (const sample of row.samples) {
-      const value = graphSampleValue(sample, graphState.metric);
-      minMetric = Math.min(minMetric, value);
-      maxMetric = Math.max(maxMetric, value);
-      minCities = Math.min(minCities, sample.cities || 0);
-      maxCities = Math.max(maxCities, sample.cities || 0);
-    }
-  }
-  if (!Number.isFinite(minMetric) || !Number.isFinite(maxMetric)) {
-    minMetric = 0;
-    maxMetric = 1;
-  }
-  if (!Number.isFinite(minCities) || !Number.isFinite(maxCities)) {
-    minCities = 0;
-    maxCities = 1;
-  }
-  graphState.rows = rows.filter(row => row.type === "state");
-  graphState.markers = [];
-  graphState.scale = { minYear, maxYear, paddingLeft, paddingRight, plotWidth, width: w, xToYear };
-
-  const axisY = h - paddingBottom + 4;
-  g.strokeStyle = "rgba(168, 177, 170, 0.22)";
-  g.lineWidth = 1;
-  g.beginPath();
-  g.moveTo(paddingLeft, axisY);
-  g.lineTo(w - paddingRight, axisY);
-  g.stroke();
-  g.fillStyle = "#8c9690";
-  g.font = "10px ui-sans-serif, system-ui, sans-serif";
-  g.textAlign = "left";
-  g.fillText(formatGraphYear(minYear), paddingLeft, h - 5);
-  g.textAlign = "center";
-  g.fillText(formatGraphYear((minYear + maxYear) / 2), paddingLeft + plotWidth / 2, h - 5);
-  g.textAlign = "right";
-  g.fillText(formatGraphYear(maxYear), w - paddingRight, h - 5);
-
-  rows.forEach(row => {
-    if (row.type === "group") {
-      g.fillStyle = "#7f8984";
-      g.font = "10px ui-sans-serif, system-ui, sans-serif";
-      g.textAlign = "left";
-      g.fillText(row.label, 4, row.y + 3);
-      g.strokeStyle = "rgba(168, 177, 170, 0.16)";
-      g.lineWidth = 1;
-      g.beginPath();
-      g.moveTo(paddingLeft, row.y);
-      g.lineTo(w - paddingRight, row.y);
-      g.stroke();
-      return;
-    }
-    g.strokeStyle = "rgba(168, 177, 170, 0.12)";
-    g.lineWidth = 1;
-    g.beginPath();
-    g.moveTo(paddingLeft, row.y);
-    g.lineTo(w - paddingRight, row.y);
-    g.stroke();
-  });
-
-  rows.forEach(row => {
-    if (row.type !== "state") return;
-    const history = row.history;
-
-    g.textAlign = "left";
-    g.fillStyle = "#a8b1aa";
-    g.font = "9px ui-sans-serif, system-ui, sans-serif";
-    g.fillText(`S${history.id}`, 4, row.y + 3);
-
-    const inactiveMultiplier = history.active ? 1 : 0.65;
-    const strokeSegment = (fromYear, toYear, metricValue, cities, alphaScale = 1) => {
-      if (toYear <= fromYear) return;
-      const normalizedMetric = (metricValue - minMetric) / Math.max(1, maxMetric - minMetric);
-      const metricT = clamp(normalizedMetric, 0, 1);
-      const cityT = clamp((cities - minCities) / Math.max(1, maxCities - minCities), 0, 1);
-      const lowColor = mix([56, 62, 60], row.color, 0.34);
-      const highColor = mix(row.color, [244, 246, 238], 0.18);
-      const segmentColor = mix(lowColor, highColor, metricT);
-      let alpha = (0.22 + metricT * 0.76) * inactiveMultiplier * alphaScale;
-      alpha = clamp(alpha, 0.10, 0.96);
-      const thickness = clamp(3.5 + cityT * 5.5 + metricT * 4.5, 3.5, 13);
-      g.lineWidth = thickness;
-      g.lineCap = "round";
-      g.strokeStyle = `rgba(${segmentColor[0]}, ${segmentColor[1]}, ${segmentColor[2]}, ${clamp(alpha * 0.28, 0.08, 0.28)})`;
-      g.beginPath();
-      g.moveTo(yearToX(fromYear), row.y);
-      g.lineTo(yearToX(toYear), row.y);
-      g.stroke();
-      g.strokeStyle = `rgba(${segmentColor[0]}, ${segmentColor[1]}, ${segmentColor[2]}, ${alpha})`;
-      g.lineWidth = Math.max(2, thickness * 0.62);
-      g.beginPath();
-      g.moveTo(yearToX(fromYear), row.y);
-      g.lineTo(yearToX(toYear), row.y);
-      g.stroke();
-      g.lineCap = "butt";
-    };
-
-    if (row.samples.length > 1) {
-      if (history.visibleFounded < row.samples[0].year) {
-        strokeSegment(history.visibleFounded, row.samples[0].year, graphSampleValue(row.samples[0], graphState.metric), row.samples[0].cities, 0.42);
-      }
-      for (let i = 0; i < row.samples.length - 1; i++) {
-        const sampleA = row.samples[i];
-        const sampleB = row.samples[i + 1];
-        strokeSegment(
-          sampleA.year,
-          sampleB.year,
-          (graphSampleValue(sampleA, graphState.metric) + graphSampleValue(sampleB, graphState.metric)) * 0.5,
-          ((sampleA.cities || 0) + (sampleB.cities || 0)) * 0.5
-        );
-      }
-      const lastSample = row.samples[row.samples.length - 1];
-      const endYear = history.ended ?? sim.year;
-      if (lastSample.year < endYear) {
-        strokeSegment(lastSample.year, endYear, graphSampleValue(lastSample, graphState.metric), lastSample.cities, 0.55);
-      }
-    } else {
-      const sample = row.samples[0] || { population: 0, cities: row.peakCities, avgLoyalty: 0.5 };
-      strokeSegment(history.visibleFounded, history.ended ?? sim.year, graphSampleValue(sample, graphState.metric), sample.cities || row.peakCities);
-    }
-
-  });
-
-  rows.forEach(row => {
-    if (row.type !== "state") return;
-    const events = (row.history.events || [])
-      .filter(event => event.importance >= 2)
-      .filter(event => event.year >= minYear && event.year <= maxYear)
-      .filter(event => ["capitalShift", "disaster", "peak", "famine"].includes(event.type));
-    const collisions = new Map();
-    for (const event of events) {
-      const x = yearToX(event.year);
-      const bucket = Math.round(x / 7);
-      const count = collisions.get(bucket) || 0;
-      collisions.set(bucket, count + 1);
-      const y = row.y + ([-4, 0, 4][count % 3]);
-      const r = event.importance >= 4 ? 5 : event.importance >= 3 ? 4 : 3;
-      if (event.type === "capitalShift") {
-        g.fillStyle = "rgba(227, 179, 65, 0.95)";
-        drawGraphDiamond(g, x, y, r);
-      } else if (event.type === "disaster") {
-        g.fillStyle = "rgba(211, 95, 84, 0.95)";
-        drawGraphCircle(g, x, y, r);
-      } else if (event.type === "peak") {
-        g.fillStyle = "rgba(238, 241, 237, 0.90)";
-        drawGraphTriangleUp(g, x, y, r);
-      } else if (event.type === "famine") {
-        g.fillStyle = "rgba(227, 128, 65, 0.90)";
-        drawGraphTriangleDown(g, x, y, r);
-      }
-      graphState.markers.push({ row, event, x, y, radius: r + 3 });
-    }
-  });
+const canvas = els.stateGraph;
+if (!canvas || !sim) return;
+const rect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
+if (!rect.width) return;
+const historyWindowSpan = years(SimConfig.render.historyWindowYears);
+const historyWindowEnd = sim.year;
+const historyWindowStart = Math.max(0, historyWindowEnd - historyWindowSpan);
+graphState.filter = els.historyFilter?.value || graphState.filter;
+graphState.sort = els.historySort?.value || graphState.sort;
+graphState.metric = els.historyMetric?.value || graphState.metric;
+const histories = sim.getAllPolityHistories()
+.filter(history => (history.ended ?? sim.year) >= historyWindowStart)
+.map(history => ({
+...history,
+visibleFounded: Math.max(history.founded ?? 0, historyWindowStart),
+visibleSamples: (history.samples || []).filter(sample => sample.year >= historyWindowStart)
+}))
+.filter(history => history.visibleSamples.length > 0 || (history.ended ?? sim.year) >= historyWindowStart)
+.filter(history => {
+const isActive = history.active && history.ended === null;
+if (graphState.filter === "active" && !isActive) return false;
+if (graphState.filter === "ended" && isActive) return false;
+if (isActive && !graphState.showActive) return false;
+if (!isActive && !graphState.showPast) return false;
+return true;
+});
+const paddingLeft = 34;
+const paddingRight = 8;
+const paddingTop = 18;
+const paddingBottom = 22;
+const rowHeight = 24;
+const groupHeight = 18;
+const scored = histories.map(history => {
+const samples = history.visibleSamples.length ? history.visibleSamples : [{ population: 0, cities: 0, avgLoyalty: 0.5 }];
+const peakPower = Math.max(...samples.map(sample => sampleGraphPower(sample)));
+const peakPopulation = Math.max(...samples.map(sample => sample.population || 0));
+const peakCities = Math.max(...samples.map(sample => sample.cities || 0));
+const peakLoyalty = Math.max(...samples.map(sample => sample.avgLoyalty ?? 0.5));
+const peakMetric = Math.max(...samples.map(sample => graphSampleValue(sample, graphState.metric)));
+const lifespan = (history.ended ?? sim.year) - history.visibleFounded;
+const importance = peakPower * 1.6 +
+peakCities * 130 +
+Math.sqrt(Math.max(0, peakPopulation)) * 6 +
+lifespan * 0.35;
+return { history, peakPopulation, peakCities, peakLoyalty, peakPower, peakMetric, importance };
+});
+const compareRows = (a, b) => {
+if (graphState.sort === "oldest") {
+return ((a.history.founded ?? 0) - (b.history.founded ?? 0)) || (a.history.id - b.history.id);
+}
+if (graphState.sort === "strongest") {
+return (b.peakPower - a.peakPower) || ((a.history.founded ?? 0) - (b.history.founded ?? 0));
+}
+if (graphState.sort === "largest") {
+return (b.peakPopulation - a.peakPopulation) || (b.peakCities - a.peakCities);
+}
+const activeDelta = (b.history.active ? 1 : 0) - (a.history.active ? 1 : 0);
+if (graphState.sort === "active") {
+return activeDelta || (b.importance - a.importance) || (a.history.id - b.history.id);
+}
+return activeDelta || (b.importance - a.importance) || ((a.history.founded ?? 0) - (b.history.founded ?? 0)) || (a.history.id - b.history.id);
+};
+const selected = scored.sort(compareRows).slice(0, 90).sort(compareRows);
+const activeRows = selected.filter(item => item.history.active && item.history.ended === null);
+const pastRows = selected.filter(item => !(item.history.active && item.history.ended === null));
+const displayRows = [];
+if (graphState.showActive && graphState.filter !== "ended" && activeRows.length) {
+displayRows.push({ type: "group", label: `Living ${activeRows.length}` });
+for (const item of activeRows) displayRows.push({ type: "state", item });
+}
+if (graphState.showPast && graphState.filter !== "active" && pastRows.length) {
+displayRows.push({ type: "group", label: `Past ${pastRows.length}` });
+for (const item of pastRows) displayRows.push({ type: "state", item });
+}
+const logicalHeight = paddingTop +
+displayRows.reduce((sum, row) => sum + (row.type === "group" ? groupHeight : rowHeight), 0) +
+paddingBottom;
+canvas.style.height = `${logicalHeight}px`;
+const updatedRect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
+const dpr = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
+const width = Math.max(1, Math.floor(updatedRect.width * dpr));
+const height = Math.max(1, Math.floor(logicalHeight * dpr));
+if (canvas.width !== width || canvas.height !== height) {
+canvas.width = width;
+canvas.height = height;
+}
+const g = canvas.getContext("2d");
+g.setTransform(dpr, 0, 0, dpr, 0, 0);
+const w = updatedRect.width;
+const h = logicalHeight;
+g.clearRect(0, 0, w, h);
+g.fillStyle = "#101315";
+g.fillRect(0, 0, w, h);
+if (!histories.length || !selected.length || !displayRows.length) {
+if (els.historyRange) els.historyRange.textContent = "-";
+graphState.rows = [];
+graphState.markers = [];
+graphState.scale = null;
+g.fillStyle = "#7f8984";
+g.font = "12px ui-sans-serif, system-ui, sans-serif";
+g.fillText("No state history yet", 16, 28);
+return;
+}
+let minYear = historyWindowStart;
+let maxYear = historyWindowEnd;
+for (const item of selected) {
+const history = item.history;
+minYear = Math.min(minYear, history.visibleFounded);
+maxYear = Math.max(maxYear, history.ended ?? sim.year);
+}
+if (els.historyRange) els.historyRange.textContent = `${formatGraphYear(minYear)}-${formatGraphYear(maxYear)}`;
+const plotWidth = Math.max(1, w - paddingLeft - paddingRight);
+const yearToX = year => paddingLeft + ((clamp(year, minYear, maxYear) - minYear) / Math.max(1, maxYear - minYear)) * plotWidth;
+const xToYear = x => minYear + ((clamp(x, paddingLeft, w - paddingRight) - paddingLeft) / plotWidth) * Math.max(1, maxYear - minYear);
+const rows = [];
+let cursorY = paddingTop;
+for (const displayRow of displayRows) {
+if (displayRow.type === "group") {
+rows.push({ ...displayRow, y: cursorY + groupHeight * 0.5, height: groupHeight });
+cursorY += groupHeight;
+continue;
+}
+const item = displayRow.item;
+rows.push({
+...item,
+type: "state",
+y: cursorY + rowHeight * 0.5,
+height: rowHeight,
+color: item.history.color || hslToRgb((item.history.id * 0.38196601125) % 1, 0.58, 0.62),
+samples: (item.history.visibleSamples || [])
+.filter(sample => Number.isFinite(sample.year))
+.sort((a, b) => a.year - b.year)
+});
+cursorY += rowHeight;
+}
+let minMetric = Infinity;
+let maxMetric = -Infinity;
+let minCities = Infinity;
+let maxCities = -Infinity;
+for (const row of rows.filter(row => row.type === "state")) {
+for (const sample of row.samples) {
+const value = graphSampleValue(sample, graphState.metric);
+minMetric = Math.min(minMetric, value);
+maxMetric = Math.max(maxMetric, value);
+minCities = Math.min(minCities, sample.cities || 0);
+maxCities = Math.max(maxCities, sample.cities || 0);
+}
+}
+if (!Number.isFinite(minMetric) || !Number.isFinite(maxMetric)) {
+minMetric = 0;
+maxMetric = 1;
+}
+if (!Number.isFinite(minCities) || !Number.isFinite(maxCities)) {
+minCities = 0;
+maxCities = 1;
+}
+graphState.rows = rows.filter(row => row.type === "state");
+graphState.markers = [];
+graphState.scale = { minYear, maxYear, paddingLeft, paddingRight, plotWidth, width: w, xToYear };
+const axisY = h - paddingBottom + 4;
+g.strokeStyle = "rgba(168, 177, 170, 0.22)";
+g.lineWidth = 1;
+g.beginPath();
+g.moveTo(paddingLeft, axisY);
+g.lineTo(w - paddingRight, axisY);
+g.stroke();
+g.fillStyle = "#8c9690";
+g.font = "10px ui-sans-serif, system-ui, sans-serif";
+g.textAlign = "left";
+g.fillText(formatGraphYear(minYear), paddingLeft, h - 5);
+g.textAlign = "center";
+g.fillText(formatGraphYear((minYear + maxYear) / 2), paddingLeft + plotWidth / 2, h - 5);
+g.textAlign = "right";
+g.fillText(formatGraphYear(maxYear), w - paddingRight, h - 5);
+rows.forEach(row => {
+if (row.type === "group") {
+g.fillStyle = "#7f8984";
+g.font = "10px ui-sans-serif, system-ui, sans-serif";
+g.textAlign = "left";
+g.fillText(row.label, 4, row.y + 3);
+g.strokeStyle = "rgba(168, 177, 170, 0.16)";
+g.lineWidth = 1;
+g.beginPath();
+g.moveTo(paddingLeft, row.y);
+g.lineTo(w - paddingRight, row.y);
+g.stroke();
+return;
+}
+g.strokeStyle = "rgba(168, 177, 170, 0.12)";
+g.lineWidth = 1;
+g.beginPath();
+g.moveTo(paddingLeft, row.y);
+g.lineTo(w - paddingRight, row.y);
+g.stroke();
+});
+rows.forEach(row => {
+if (row.type !== "state") return;
+const history = row.history;
+g.textAlign = "left";
+g.fillStyle = "#a8b1aa";
+g.font = "9px ui-sans-serif, system-ui, sans-serif";
+g.fillText(`S${history.id}`, 4, row.y + 3);
+const inactiveMultiplier = history.active ? 1 : 0.65;
+const strokeSegment = (fromYear, toYear, metricValue, cities, alphaScale = 1) => {
+if (toYear <= fromYear) return;
+const normalizedMetric = (metricValue - minMetric) / Math.max(1, maxMetric - minMetric);
+const metricT = clamp(normalizedMetric, 0, 1);
+const cityT = clamp((cities - minCities) / Math.max(1, maxCities - minCities), 0, 1);
+const lowColor = mix([56, 62, 60], row.color, 0.34);
+const highColor = mix(row.color, [244, 246, 238], 0.18);
+const segmentColor = mix(lowColor, highColor, metricT);
+let alpha = (0.22 + metricT * 0.76) * inactiveMultiplier * alphaScale;
+alpha = clamp(alpha, 0.10, 0.96);
+const thickness = clamp(3.5 + cityT * 5.5 + metricT * 4.5, 3.5, 13);
+g.lineWidth = thickness;
+g.lineCap = "round";
+g.strokeStyle = `rgba(${segmentColor[0]}, ${segmentColor[1]}, ${segmentColor[2]}, ${clamp(alpha * 0.28, 0.08, 0.28)})`;
+g.beginPath();
+g.moveTo(yearToX(fromYear), row.y);
+g.lineTo(yearToX(toYear), row.y);
+g.stroke();
+g.strokeStyle = `rgba(${segmentColor[0]}, ${segmentColor[1]}, ${segmentColor[2]}, ${alpha})`;
+g.lineWidth = Math.max(2, thickness * 0.62);
+g.beginPath();
+g.moveTo(yearToX(fromYear), row.y);
+g.lineTo(yearToX(toYear), row.y);
+g.stroke();
+g.lineCap = "butt";
+};
+if (row.samples.length > 1) {
+if (history.visibleFounded < row.samples[0].year) {
+strokeSegment(history.visibleFounded, row.samples[0].year, graphSampleValue(row.samples[0], graphState.metric), row.samples[0].cities, 0.42);
+}
+for (let i = 0; i < row.samples.length - 1; i++) {
+const sampleA = row.samples[i];
+const sampleB = row.samples[i + 1];
+strokeSegment(
+sampleA.year,
+sampleB.year,
+(graphSampleValue(sampleA, graphState.metric) + graphSampleValue(sampleB, graphState.metric)) * 0.5,
+((sampleA.cities || 0) + (sampleB.cities || 0)) * 0.5
+);
+}
+const lastSample = row.samples[row.samples.length - 1];
+const endYear = history.ended ?? sim.year;
+if (lastSample.year < endYear) {
+strokeSegment(lastSample.year, endYear, graphSampleValue(lastSample, graphState.metric), lastSample.cities, 0.55);
+}
+} else {
+const sample = row.samples[0] || { population: 0, cities: row.peakCities, avgLoyalty: 0.5 };
+strokeSegment(history.visibleFounded, history.ended ?? sim.year, graphSampleValue(sample, graphState.metric), sample.cities || row.peakCities);
+}
+});
+rows.forEach(row => {
+if (row.type !== "state") return;
+const events = (row.history.events || [])
+.filter(event => event.importance >= 2)
+.filter(event => event.year >= minYear && event.year <= maxYear)
+.filter(event => ["capitalShift", "disaster", "peak", "famine"].includes(event.type));
+const collisions = new Map();
+for (const event of events) {
+const x = yearToX(event.year);
+const bucket = Math.round(x / 7);
+const count = collisions.get(bucket) || 0;
+collisions.set(bucket, count + 1);
+const y = row.y + ([-4, 0, 4][count % 3]);
+const r = event.importance >= 4 ? 5 : event.importance >= 3 ? 4 : 3;
+if (event.type === "capitalShift") {
+g.fillStyle = "rgba(227, 179, 65, 0.95)";
+drawGraphDiamond(g, x, y, r);
+} else if (event.type === "disaster") {
+g.fillStyle = "rgba(211, 95, 84, 0.95)";
+drawGraphCircle(g, x, y, r);
+} else if (event.type === "peak") {
+g.fillStyle = "rgba(238, 241, 237, 0.90)";
+drawGraphTriangleUp(g, x, y, r);
+} else if (event.type === "famine") {
+g.fillStyle = "rgba(227, 128, 65, 0.90)";
+drawGraphTriangleDown(g, x, y, r);
+}
+graphState.markers.push({ row, event, x, y, radius: r + 3 });
+}
+});
 }
-
 function drawGraphCircle(g, x, y, r) {
-  g.beginPath();
-  g.arc(x, y, r, 0, Math.PI * 2);
-  g.fill();
+g.beginPath();
+g.arc(x, y, r, 0, Math.PI * 2);
+g.fill();
 }
-
 function drawGraphDiamond(g, x, y, r) {
-  g.beginPath();
-  g.moveTo(x, y - r);
-  g.lineTo(x + r, y);
-  g.lineTo(x, y + r);
-  g.lineTo(x - r, y);
-  g.closePath();
-  g.fill();
+g.beginPath();
+g.moveTo(x, y - r);
+g.lineTo(x + r, y);
+g.lineTo(x, y + r);
+g.lineTo(x - r, y);
+g.closePath();
+g.fill();
 }
-
 function drawGraphTriangleUp(g, x, y, r) {
-  g.beginPath();
-  g.moveTo(x, y - r);
-  g.lineTo(x + r, y + r);
-  g.lineTo(x - r, y + r);
-  g.closePath();
-  g.fill();
+g.beginPath();
+g.moveTo(x, y - r);
+g.lineTo(x + r, y + r);
+g.lineTo(x - r, y + r);
+g.closePath();
+g.fill();
 }
-
 function drawGraphTriangleDown(g, x, y, r) {
-  g.beginPath();
-  g.moveTo(x, y + r);
-  g.lineTo(x + r, y - r);
-  g.lineTo(x - r, y - r);
-  g.closePath();
-  g.fill();
+g.beginPath();
+g.moveTo(x, y + r);
+g.lineTo(x + r, y - r);
+g.lineTo(x - r, y - r);
+g.closePath();
+g.fill();
 }
-
 function graphEventLabel(event) {
-  if (event.type === "capitalShift") return "capital shift";
-  if (event.type === "disaster") return "major disaster";
-  if (event.type === "peak") return "peak power";
-  if (event.type === "famine") return "famine";
-  return event.type;
+if (event.type === "capitalShift") return "capital shift";
+if (event.type === "disaster") return "major disaster";
+if (event.type === "peak") return "peak power";
+if (event.type === "famine") return "famine";
+return event.type;
 }
-
 function graphEventSummary(event) {
-  const data = event.data || {};
-  if (event.type === "capitalShift") {
-    return `capital #${data.oldCenterCityId ?? "-"} to #${data.newCenterCityId ?? "-"}`;
-  }
-  if (event.type === "disaster") {
-    return `lost ${Math.round((data.lossRate || 0) * 100)}%, ${Math.round(data.populationLoss || 0).toLocaleString()} people, ${data.affectedCities || 0} cities`;
-  }
-  if (event.type === "peak") {
-    return `power ${Number(data.power || 0).toFixed(1)}, pop ${Math.round(data.population || 0).toLocaleString()}, cities ${data.cities || 0}`;
-  }
-  if (event.type === "famine") {
-    return `poor cities ${Math.round((data.poorRate || 0) * 100)}%, food ${Number(data.avgPerCapitaFood || 0).toFixed(3)}/cap`;
-  }
-  return "";
+const data = event.data || {};
+if (event.type === "capitalShift") {
+return `capital #${data.oldCenterCityId ?? "-"} to #${data.newCenterCityId ?? "-"}`;
+}
+if (event.type === "disaster") {
+return `lost ${Math.round((data.lossRate || 0) * 100)}%, ${Math.round(data.populationLoss || 0).toLocaleString()} people, ${data.affectedCities || 0} cities`;
+}
+if (event.type === "peak") {
+return `power ${Number(data.power || 0).toFixed(1)}, pop ${Math.round(data.population || 0).toLocaleString()}, cities ${data.cities || 0}`;
+}
+if (event.type === "famine") {
+return `poor cities ${Math.round((data.poorRate || 0) * 100)}%, food ${Number(data.avgPerCapitaFood || 0).toFixed(3)}/cap`;
+}
+return "";
 }
-
 function showStateGraphMarkerTooltip(marker, pointerX, pointerY) {
-  if (!els.stateGraphTooltip) return;
-  els.stateGraphTooltip.innerHTML = `
+if (!els.stateGraphTooltip) return;
+els.stateGraphTooltip.innerHTML = `
     <strong>S${marker.row.history.id} ${graphEventLabel(marker.event)}</strong>
     <span>${formatGraphYear(marker.event.year)}</span>
     <span>${graphEventSummary(marker.event)}</span>
   `;
-  els.stateGraphTooltip.hidden = false;
-  const scroll = els.stateGraph.parentElement;
-  const maxLeft = Math.max(8, (scroll?.clientWidth || 260) - els.stateGraphTooltip.offsetWidth - 8);
-  const left = clamp(pointerX + 10, 8, maxLeft);
-  const top = Math.max(8, pointerY - els.stateGraphTooltip.offsetHeight - 10);
-  els.stateGraphTooltip.style.left = `${left}px`;
-  els.stateGraphTooltip.style.top = `${top}px`;
+els.stateGraphTooltip.hidden = false;
+const scroll = els.stateGraph.parentElement;
+const maxLeft = Math.max(8, (scroll?.clientWidth || 260) - els.stateGraphTooltip.offsetWidth - 8);
+const left = clamp(pointerX + 10, 8, maxLeft);
+const top = Math.max(8, pointerY - els.stateGraphTooltip.offsetHeight - 10);
+els.stateGraphTooltip.style.left = `${left}px`;
+els.stateGraphTooltip.style.top = `${top}px`;
 }
-
 function hideStateGraphMarkerTooltip() {
-  if (els.stateGraphTooltip) els.stateGraphTooltip.hidden = true;
+if (els.stateGraphTooltip) els.stateGraphTooltip.hidden = true;
 }
-
 function updateStateGraphInfo(event) {
-  if (!els.stateGraphInfo || !graphState.rows.length || !graphState.scale) return;
-  const y = event.offsetY;
-  const x = event.offsetX;
-  const marker = (graphState.markers || [])
-    .map(candidate => ({ candidate, distance: Math.hypot(candidate.x - x, candidate.y - y) }))
-    .filter(item => item.distance <= item.candidate.radius)
-    .sort((a, b) => a.distance - b.distance)[0]?.candidate;
-  if (marker) {
-    const status = marker.row.history.active && marker.row.history.ended === null ? "living" : "past";
-    els.stateGraphInfo.textContent = `S${marker.row.history.id} ${status} ${formatGraphYear(marker.event.year)} ${graphEventLabel(marker.event)}`;
-    showStateGraphMarkerTooltip(marker, x, y);
-    if (graphState.hoverPolityId !== marker.row.history.id) {
-      graphState.hoverPolityId = marker.row.history.id;
-      if (!running) render();
-    }
-    return;
-  }
-  const row = graphState.rows
-    .map(candidate => ({ candidate, distance: Math.abs(candidate.y - y) }))
-    .filter(item => item.distance <= item.candidate.height * 0.5)
-    .sort((a, b) => a.distance - b.distance)[0]?.candidate;
-  if (!row) {
-    els.stateGraphInfo.textContent = "Hover a row for details";
-    hideStateGraphMarkerTooltip();
-    if (graphState.hoverPolityId !== null) {
-      graphState.hoverPolityId = null;
-      if (!running) render();
-    }
-    return;
-  }
-  if (graphState.hoverPolityId !== row.history.id) {
-    graphState.hoverPolityId = row.history.id;
-    if (!running) render();
-  }
-  hideStateGraphMarkerTooltip();
-
-  const year = graphState.scale.xToYear(x);
-  const samples = row.samples.length ? row.samples : [{
-    year,
-    population: 0,
-    cities: row.peakCities,
-    avgLoyalty: 0.5,
-    power: row.peakPower
-  }];
-  const sample = samples
-    .map(candidate => ({ candidate, distance: Math.abs((candidate.year ?? year) - year) }))
-    .sort((a, b) => a.distance - b.distance)[0].candidate;
-  const metricValue = graphSampleValue(sample, graphState.metric);
-  const status = row.history.active && row.history.ended === null ? "living" : "past";
-  els.stateGraphInfo.textContent =
-    `S${row.history.id} ${status} ${formatGraphYear(sample.year ?? year)} ` +
-    `${graphState.metric} ${formatGraphValue(metricValue, graphState.metric)} ` +
-    `pop ${Math.round(sample.population || 0).toLocaleString()} ` +
-    `cities ${Math.round(sample.cities || 0).toLocaleString()} ` +
-    `loyalty ${formatGraphValue(sample.avgLoyalty ?? 0.5, "loyalty")}`;
+if (!els.stateGraphInfo || !graphState.rows.length || !graphState.scale) return;
+const y = event.offsetY;
+const x = event.offsetX;
+const marker = (graphState.markers || [])
+.map(candidate => ({ candidate, distance: Math.hypot(candidate.x - x, candidate.y - y) }))
+.filter(item => item.distance <= item.candidate.radius)
+.sort((a, b) => a.distance - b.distance)[0]?.candidate;
+if (marker) {
+const status = marker.row.history.active && marker.row.history.ended === null ? "living" : "past";
+els.stateGraphInfo.textContent = `S${marker.row.history.id} ${status} ${formatGraphYear(marker.event.year)} ${graphEventLabel(marker.event)}`;
+showStateGraphMarkerTooltip(marker, x, y);
+if (graphState.hoverPolityId !== marker.row.history.id) {
+graphState.hoverPolityId = marker.row.history.id;
+if (!running) render();
+}
+return;
+}
+const row = graphState.rows
+.map(candidate => ({ candidate, distance: Math.abs(candidate.y - y) }))
+.filter(item => item.distance <= item.candidate.height * 0.5)
+.sort((a, b) => a.distance - b.distance)[0]?.candidate;
+if (!row) {
+els.stateGraphInfo.textContent = "Hover a row for details";
+hideStateGraphMarkerTooltip();
+if (graphState.hoverPolityId !== null) {
+graphState.hoverPolityId = null;
+if (!running) render();
+}
+return;
+}
+if (graphState.hoverPolityId !== row.history.id) {
+graphState.hoverPolityId = row.history.id;
+if (!running) render();
+}
+hideStateGraphMarkerTooltip();
+const year = graphState.scale.xToYear(x);
+const samples = row.samples.length ? row.samples : [{
+year,
+population: 0,
+cities: row.peakCities,
+avgLoyalty: 0.5,
+power: row.peakPower
+}];
+const sample = samples
+.map(candidate => ({ candidate, distance: Math.abs((candidate.year ?? year) - year) }))
+.sort((a, b) => a.distance - b.distance)[0].candidate;
+const metricValue = graphSampleValue(sample, graphState.metric);
+const status = row.history.active && row.history.ended === null ? "living" : "past";
+els.stateGraphInfo.textContent =
+`S${row.history.id} ${status} ${formatGraphYear(sample.year ?? year)} ` +
+`${graphState.metric} ${formatGraphValue(metricValue, graphState.metric)} ` +
+`pop ${Math.round(sample.population || 0).toLocaleString()} ` +
+`cities ${Math.round(sample.cities || 0).toLocaleString()} ` +
+`loyalty ${formatGraphValue(sample.avgLoyalty ?? 0.5, "loyalty")}`;
 }
-
 function clearStateGraphInfo() {
-  if (els.stateGraphInfo) els.stateGraphInfo.textContent = "Hover a row for details";
-  hideStateGraphMarkerTooltip();
-  if (graphState.hoverPolityId !== null) {
-    graphState.hoverPolityId = null;
-    if (!running) render();
-  }
+if (els.stateGraphInfo) els.stateGraphInfo.textContent = "Hover a row for details";
+hideStateGraphMarkerTooltip();
+if (graphState.hoverPolityId !== null) {
+graphState.hoverPolityId = null;
+if (!running) render();
+}
 }
-
 function formatGraphYear(month) {
-  return `${Math.floor(month / MONTHS_PER_YEAR).toLocaleString()}y`;
+return `${Math.floor(month / MONTHS_PER_YEAR).toLocaleString()}y`;
 }
-
 function formatSimDate(month) {
-  const year = Math.floor(month / MONTHS_PER_YEAR);
-  const monthOfYear = month % MONTHS_PER_YEAR + 1;
-  return `${year.toLocaleString()}y ${monthOfYear}m`;
+const year = Math.floor(month / MONTHS_PER_YEAR);
+const monthOfYear = month % MONTHS_PER_YEAR + 1;
+return `${year.toLocaleString()}y ${monthOfYear}m`;
 }
-
-function loop() {
-  const steps = running ? Number(els.speed.value) : 0;
-  const loopStart = performance.now();
-  let completedSteps = 0;
-  const stepBudgetMs = 10.5;
-  for (let i = 0; i < steps; i++) {
-    sim.step();
-    completedSteps++;
-    if (running && completedSteps > 0 && performance.now() - loopStart > stepBudgetMs) break;
-  }
-  if (running || frame % 8 === 0) {
-    render();
-    updateStats();
-    renderTooltip();
-  }
-  frame++;
-  requestAnimationFrame(loop);
+function requestRender() {
+renderDirty = true;
+}
+function drawFrame(forceStats = false) {
+render();
+updateStats(forceStats);
+renderTooltip();
+renderDirty = false;
+lastRenderAt = performance.now();
+}
+function scheduleLoop() {
+if (loopScheduled) return;
+loopScheduled = true;
+const delay = document.hidden
+? LoopConfig.hiddenPollMs
+: running ? 0 : LoopConfig.idlePollMs;
+if (delay > 0) {
+loopTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+loopTimer = null;
+requestAnimationFrame(loop);
+}, delay);
+} else {
+requestAnimationFrame(loop);
+}
+}
+function loop(now = performance.now()) {
+loopScheduled = false;
+if (running && !document.hidden && now - lastSimTickAt >= LoopConfig.simTickMs) {
+lastSimTickAt = now;
+const steps = Number(els.speed.value);
+const loopStart = performance.now();
+let completedSteps = 0;
+for (let i = 0; i < steps; i++) {
+sim.step();
+completedSteps++;
+if (completedSteps > 0 && performance.now() - loopStart > LoopConfig.stepBudgetMs) break;
+}
+if (completedSteps > 0) requestRender();
+}
+const shouldRender = !document.hidden &&
+(renderDirty || (running && now - lastRenderAt >= LoopConfig.renderMs));
+if (shouldRender) drawFrame();
+frame++;
+scheduleLoop();
 }
-
 function reset() {
-  const size = Number(els.worldSize.value);
-  const count = Number(els.agentCount.value);
-  els.canvas.width = size;
-  els.canvas.height = size;
-  renderImage = null;
-  renderImageSize = 0;
-  sim = new Simulation(size, count);
-  setLegend();
-  render();
-  updateStats(true);
-  renderStateGraph();
+const size = Number(els.worldSize.value);
+const count = Number(els.agentCount.value);
+els.canvas.width = size;
+els.canvas.height = size;
+renderImage = null;
+renderImageSize = 0;
+sim = new Simulation(size, count);
+setLegend();
+drawFrame(true);
+renderStateGraph();
 }
-
 function clamp(v, min, max) {
-  return Math.max(min, Math.min(max, v));
+return Math.max(min, Math.min(max, v));
 }
-
 function smoothstep(t) {
-  return t * t * (3 - 2 * t);
+return t * t * (3 - 2 * t);
 }
-
 function getSedentary(traits) {
-  return traits.sedentary;
+return traits.sedentary;
 }
-
 function getEthnocentrism(traits) {
-  return traits.ethnocentrism;
+return traits.ethnocentrism;
 }
-
 function mutateTraits(traits, rng, amount) {
-  return {
-    mobility: clamp(traits.mobility + rng.range(-amount, amount), 0.02, 1),
-    resourceAttraction: clamp(traits.resourceAttraction + rng.range(-amount, amount), 0.05, 1.2),
-    assimilation: clamp(traits.assimilation + rng.range(-amount, amount), 0, 0.75),
-    ethnocentrism: clamp(getEthnocentrism(traits) + rng.range(-amount, amount), 0, 1.2),
-    reproductionThreshold: clamp(traits.reproductionThreshold + rng.range(-amount * 16, amount * 16), 12, 48),
-    sedentary: clamp(getSedentary(traits) + rng.range(-amount, amount), 0, 1)
-  };
+return {
+mobility: clamp(traits.mobility + rng.range(-amount, amount), 0.02, 1),
+resourceAttraction: clamp(traits.resourceAttraction + rng.range(-amount, amount), 0.05, 1.2),
+assimilation: clamp(traits.assimilation + rng.range(-amount, amount), 0, 0.75),
+ethnocentrism: clamp(getEthnocentrism(traits) + rng.range(-amount, amount), 0, 1.2),
+reproductionThreshold: clamp(traits.reproductionThreshold + rng.range(-amount * 16, amount * 16), 12, 48),
+sedentary: clamp(getSedentary(traits) + rng.range(-amount, amount), 0, 1)
+};
 }
-
 function blendTraits(a, b, t) {
-  return {
-    mobility: lerp(a.mobility, b.mobility, t),
-    resourceAttraction: lerp(a.resourceAttraction, b.resourceAttraction, t),
-    assimilation: lerp(a.assimilation, b.assimilation, t),
-    ethnocentrism: lerp(getEthnocentrism(a), getEthnocentrism(b), t),
-    reproductionThreshold: lerp(a.reproductionThreshold, b.reproductionThreshold, t),
-    sedentary: lerp(getSedentary(a), getSedentary(b), t)
-  };
+return {
+mobility: lerp(a.mobility, b.mobility, t),
+resourceAttraction: lerp(a.resourceAttraction, b.resourceAttraction, t),
+assimilation: lerp(a.assimilation, b.assimilation, t),
+ethnocentrism: lerp(getEthnocentrism(a), getEthnocentrism(b), t),
+reproductionThreshold: lerp(a.reproductionThreshold, b.reproductionThreshold, t),
+sedentary: lerp(getSedentary(a), getSedentary(b), t)
+};
 }
-
 function emptyTraitSums() {
-  return { mobility: 0, resourceAttraction: 0, assimilation: 0, ethnocentrism: 0, reproductionThreshold: 0, sedentary: 0 };
+return { mobility: 0, resourceAttraction: 0, assimilation: 0, ethnocentrism: 0, reproductionThreshold: 0, sedentary: 0 };
 }
-
 function addTraits(sum, traits) {
-  sum.mobility += traits.mobility;
-  sum.resourceAttraction += traits.resourceAttraction;
-  sum.assimilation += traits.assimilation;
-  sum.ethnocentrism += getEthnocentrism(traits);
-  sum.reproductionThreshold += traits.reproductionThreshold / 48;
-  sum.sedentary += getSedentary(traits);
+sum.mobility += traits.mobility;
+sum.resourceAttraction += traits.resourceAttraction;
+sum.assimilation += traits.assimilation;
+sum.ethnocentrism += getEthnocentrism(traits);
+sum.reproductionThreshold += traits.reproductionThreshold / 48;
+sum.sedentary += getSedentary(traits);
 }
-
 function averageTraits(sum, count) {
-  return {
-    mobility: sum.mobility / count,
-    resourceAttraction: sum.resourceAttraction / count,
-    assimilation: sum.assimilation / count,
-    ethnocentrism: sum.ethnocentrism / count,
-    reproductionThreshold: (sum.reproductionThreshold / count) * 48,
-    sedentary: sum.sedentary / count
-  };
+return {
+mobility: sum.mobility / count,
+resourceAttraction: sum.resourceAttraction / count,
+assimilation: sum.assimilation / count,
+ethnocentrism: sum.ethnocentrism / count,
+reproductionThreshold: (sum.reproductionThreshold / count) * 48,
+sedentary: sum.sedentary / count
+};
 }
-
 function addBirthsToComposition(composition, births) {
-  const dominant = dominantComposition(composition);
-  if (!dominant) return;
-  composition.set(dominant, (composition.get(dominant) || 0) + births);
+const dominant = dominantComposition(composition);
+if (!dominant) return;
+composition.set(dominant, (composition.get(dominant) || 0) + births);
 }
-
 function removeFromComposition(composition, loss) {
-  let remaining = loss;
-  const total = [...composition.values()].reduce((sum, value) => sum + value, 0);
-  if (!total) return;
-  for (const [id, count] of [...composition]) {
-    const removed = Math.min(count, Math.ceil(loss * (count / total)));
-    composition.set(id, Math.max(0, count - removed));
-    remaining -= removed;
-    if (composition.get(id) <= 0) composition.delete(id);
-    if (remaining <= 0) break;
-  }
+let remaining = loss;
+const total = [...composition.values()].reduce((sum, value) => sum + value, 0);
+if (!total) return;
+for (const [id, count] of [...composition]) {
+const removed = Math.min(count, Math.ceil(loss * (count / total)));
+composition.set(id, Math.max(0, count - removed));
+remaining -= removed;
+if (composition.get(id) <= 0) composition.delete(id);
+if (remaining <= 0) break;
+}
 }
-
 function dominantComposition(composition) {
-  let bestId = null;
-  let bestCount = 0;
-  for (const [id, count] of composition) {
-    if (count > bestCount) {
-      bestId = id;
-      bestCount = count;
-    }
-  }
-  return bestId;
+let bestId = null;
+let bestCount = 0;
+for (const [id, count] of composition) {
+if (count > bestCount) {
+bestId = id;
+bestCount = count;
+}
+}
+return bestId;
 }
-
 function traitDistance(a, b) {
-  return Math.abs(a.mobility - b.mobility) +
-    Math.abs(a.resourceAttraction - b.resourceAttraction) +
-    Math.abs(a.assimilation - b.assimilation) +
-    Math.abs(getEthnocentrism(a) - getEthnocentrism(b)) +
-    Math.abs(a.reproductionThreshold - b.reproductionThreshold) / 48 +
-    Math.abs(getSedentary(a) - getSedentary(b));
+return Math.abs(a.mobility - b.mobility) +
+Math.abs(a.resourceAttraction - b.resourceAttraction) +
+Math.abs(a.assimilation - b.assimilation) +
+Math.abs(getEthnocentrism(a) - getEthnocentrism(b)) +
+Math.abs(a.reproductionThreshold - b.reproductionThreshold) / 48 +
+Math.abs(getSedentary(a) - getSedentary(b));
 }
-
 function hslToRgb(h, s, l) {
-  const hue = (p, q, t) => {
-    if (t < 0) t += 1;
-    if (t > 1) t -= 1;
-    if (t < 1 / 6) return p + (q - p) * 6 * t;
-    if (t < 1 / 2) return q;
-    if (t < 2 / 3) return p + (q - p) * (2 / 3 - t) * 6;
-    return p;
-  };
-  const q = l < 0.5 ? l * (1 + s) : l + s - l * s;
-  const p = 2 * l - q;
-  return [
-    Math.round(hue(p, q, h + 1 / 3) * 255),
-    Math.round(hue(p, q, h) * 255),
-    Math.round(hue(p, q, h - 1 / 3) * 255)
-  ];
+const hue = (p, q, t) => {
+if (t < 0) t += 1;
+if (t > 1) t -= 1;
+if (t < 1 / 6) return p + (q - p) * 6 * t;
+if (t < 1 / 2) return q;
+if (t < 2 / 3) return p + (q - p) * (2 / 3 - t) * 6;
+return p;
+};
+const q = l < 0.5 ? l * (1 + s) : l + s - l * s;
+const p = 2 * l - q;
+return [
+Math.round(hue(p, q, h + 1 / 3) * 255),
+Math.round(hue(p, q, h) * 255),
+Math.round(hue(p, q, h - 1 / 3) * 255)
+];
 }
-
 function mix(a, b, t) {
-  return [
-    Math.round(lerp(a[0], b[0], t)),
-    Math.round(lerp(a[1], b[1], t)),
-    Math.round(lerp(a[2], b[2], t))
-  ];
+return [
+Math.round(lerp(a[0], b[0], t)),
+Math.round(lerp(a[1], b[1], t)),
+Math.round(lerp(a[2], b[2], t))
+];
 }
-
 function lerp(a, b, t) {
-  return a + (b - a) * t;
+return a + (b - a) * t;
 }
-
 function packArray(typedArray) {
-  const bytes = new Uint8Array(typedArray.buffer);
-  let binary = "";
-  const chunkSize = 8192;
-  for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i += chunkSize) {
-    binary += String.fromCharCode(...bytes.subarray(i, i + chunkSize));
-  }
-  return {
-    type: typedArray.constructor.name,
-    length: typedArray.length,
-    data: btoa(binary)
-  };
+const bytes = new Uint8Array(typedArray.buffer);
+let binary = "";
+const chunkSize = 8192;
+for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i += chunkSize) {
+binary += String.fromCharCode(...bytes.subarray(i, i + chunkSize));
+}
+return {
+type: typedArray.constructor.name,
+length: typedArray.length,
+data: btoa(binary)
+};
 }
-
 function unpackArray(payload, TypedArray) {
-  const binary = atob(payload.data);
-  const bytes = new Uint8Array(binary.length);
-  for (let i = 0; i < binary.length; i++) bytes[i] = binary.charCodeAt(i);
-  return new TypedArray(bytes.buffer, 0, payload.length);
+const binary = atob(payload.data);
+const bytes = new Uint8Array(binary.length);
+for (let i = 0; i < binary.length; i++) bytes[i] = binary.charCodeAt(i);
+return new TypedArray(bytes.buffer, 0, payload.length);
 }
-
 const Persistence = Object.freeze({
-  save(currentSim) {
-    const raw = JSON.stringify(currentSim);
-    if (raw.length > SimConfig.save.maxBytes) {
-      throw new Error(`Save is too large (${raw.length.toLocaleString()} bytes)`);
-    }
-    localStorage.setItem(SimConfig.save.key, raw);
-  },
-
-  load() {
-    const raw = localStorage.getItem(SimConfig.save.key);
-    if (!raw) return null;
-    if (raw.length > SimConfig.save.maxBytes * 1.25) {
-      throw new Error("Saved world is too large to load safely");
-    }
-    const state = JSON.parse(raw);
-    if (!state || !state.world || !state.agents) throw new Error("Saved world is missing required fields");
-    return Simulation.fromJSON(state);
-  },
-
-  clear() {
-    localStorage.removeItem(SimConfig.save.key);
-  }
+save(currentSim) {
+const raw = JSON.stringify(currentSim);
+if (raw.length > SimConfig.save.maxBytes) {
+throw new Error(`Save is too large (${raw.length.toLocaleString()} bytes)`);
+}
+localStorage.setItem(SimConfig.save.key, raw);
+},
+load() {
+const raw = localStorage.getItem(SimConfig.save.key);
+if (!raw) return null;
+if (raw.length > SimConfig.save.maxBytes * 1.25) {
+throw new Error("Saved world is too large to load safely");
+}
+const state = JSON.parse(raw);
+if (!state || !state.world || !state.agents) throw new Error("Saved world is missing required fields");
+return Simulation.fromJSON(state);
+},
+clear() {
+localStorage.removeItem(SimConfig.save.key);
+}
 });
-
 function saveWorld() {
-  try {
-    Persistence.save(sim);
-  } catch (error) {
-    console.warn("Save failed", error);
-  }
+try {
+Persistence.save(sim);
+} catch (error) {
+console.warn("Save failed", error);
+}
 }
-
 function loadWorld() {
-  try {
-    const loaded = Persistence.load();
-    if (!loaded) return;
-    sim = loaded;
-    els.worldSize.value = String(sim.world.size);
-    els.canvas.width = sim.world.size;
-    els.canvas.height = sim.world.size;
-    renderImage = null;
-    renderImageSize = 0;
-    setLegend();
-    render();
-    updateStats(true);
-    renderStateGraph();
-  } catch (error) {
-    console.warn("Load failed", error);
-  }
+try {
+const loaded = Persistence.load();
+if (!loaded) return;
+sim = loaded;
+els.worldSize.value = String(sim.world.size);
+els.canvas.width = sim.world.size;
+els.canvas.height = sim.world.size;
+renderImage = null;
+renderImageSize = 0;
+setLegend();
+drawFrame(true);
+renderStateGraph();
+} catch (error) {
+console.warn("Load failed", error);
+}
 }
-
 els.toggleRun.addEventListener("click", () => {
-  running = !running;
-  els.toggleRun.textContent = running ? "Pause" : "Run";
+running = !running;
+els.toggleRun.textContent = running ? "Pause" : "Run";
+lastSimTickAt = 0;
+if (running && loopTimer) {
+clearTimeout(loopTimer);
+loopTimer = null;
+loopScheduled = false;
+scheduleLoop();
+} else if (running) {
+scheduleLoop();
+}
 });
 els.stepOnce.addEventListener("click", () => {
-  sim.step();
-  render();
-  updateStats(true);
-  renderStateGraph();
-  renderTooltip();
+sim.step();
+requestRender();
+drawFrame(true);
+renderStateGraph();
 });
 els.resetWorld.addEventListener("click", reset);
 els.saveWorld.addEventListener("click", saveWorld);
@@ -4656,31 +4356,41 @@ els.clearSave.addEventListener("click", () => Persistence.clear());
 els.worldSize.addEventListener("change", reset);
 els.agentCount.addEventListener("change", reset);
 els.viewMode.addEventListener("change", () => {
-  setLegend();
-  render();
+setLegend();
+requestRender();
+drawFrame();
 });
 els.canvas.addEventListener("mousemove", showTooltip);
 els.canvas.addEventListener("mouseleave", hideTooltip);
 for (const control of [els.historyFilter, els.historySort, els.historyMetric]) {
-  control?.addEventListener("change", () => {
-    renderStateGraph();
-    clearStateGraphInfo();
-  });
+control?.addEventListener("change", () => {
+renderStateGraph();
+clearStateGraphInfo();
+});
 }
 els.toggleActiveStates?.addEventListener("click", () => {
-  graphState.showActive = !graphState.showActive;
-  els.toggleActiveStates.setAttribute("aria-pressed", String(graphState.showActive));
-  renderStateGraph();
-  clearStateGraphInfo();
+graphState.showActive = !graphState.showActive;
+els.toggleActiveStates.setAttribute("aria-pressed", String(graphState.showActive));
+renderStateGraph();
+clearStateGraphInfo();
 });
 els.togglePastStates?.addEventListener("click", () => {
-  graphState.showPast = !graphState.showPast;
-  els.togglePastStates.setAttribute("aria-pressed", String(graphState.showPast));
-  renderStateGraph();
-  clearStateGraphInfo();
+graphState.showPast = !graphState.showPast;
+els.togglePastStates.setAttribute("aria-pressed", String(graphState.showPast));
+renderStateGraph();
+clearStateGraphInfo();
 });
 els.stateGraph?.addEventListener("mousemove", updateStateGraphInfo);
 els.stateGraph?.addEventListener("mouseleave", clearStateGraphInfo);
-
+document.addEventListener("visibilitychange", () => {
+lastSimTickAt = 0;
+requestRender();
+if (!document.hidden && loopTimer) {
+clearTimeout(loopTimer);
+loopTimer = null;
+loopScheduled = false;
+scheduleLoop();
+}
+});
 reset();
 loop();